BJT Switching Circuits
The BJT as a Switch
The BJT can be used as a switch by driving it back and forth between saturation (closed) and cutoff (open).
Open and Closed BJT Switch
When operated in saturation, the BJT acts as a closed switch. When operated in cutoff, the BJT acts as an open switch.
Saturation
Transistor saturation can be guaranteed by designing the circuit so that:
+Vpk = VCC IB is greater than IC(sat) / hFE
BJT disposicin fsica
Caracterstica en conexin directa
Completo: directa + reversa
Modelo Ebers-Moll
Regiones de operacin
En corte (simplificado)
En saturacin (simplificado)
En saturacin (simplificado)
Velocidad de conmutacin de un Diodo
NOTA: diodos PN no shottky
Velocidad de conmutacin de un BJT
Conmutacin del BJT
Conmutacin del BJT
Td->sale del corte 0.1ICS Tr->acumulacin de carga en la base Ts->eliminacin de sobresaturacin Tf->reduccin de carga en la base
Transistor Schottky
En saturacin
Waveform Time Measurements
Delay time (td) Rise time (tr) Storage time (ts)
Fall time (tf)
Wave Shape vs. Operating Frequency
Cutoff frequency:
0.35 fC tr
Practical frequency limit:
0.35 fC 100 t r
Reducing BJT Switching Time
BJT delay time is reduced by:
Applying a high initial value of base current. Using the minimum value of reverse bias required to hold the component in cutoff. Limiting base current to a value lower than that required to completely saturate the BJT. Applying a high initial reverse bias to the component.
BJT storage time is reduced by:
Rise time and fall time are functions of BJT construction, and cannot effectively be reduced.
Speed-Up Capacitors
Speed-up capacitor A component used to reduce delay time and storage time.
1 CS 20 RB f m ax
Practical Waveform Measurements
Pulse width (PW) The time spent in the active (high) dc voltage state. Space width (SW) The time spent in the passive (low) dc voltage state. Period (T) The sum of PW and SW. Also referred to as cycle time.
Duty Cycle
Duty cycle The ratio of pulse width (PW) to period (T), measured as a percentage.
pulse width duty cycle 100 period
Buffers
Buffer A switching circuit that does not produce a voltage phase shift.
Schmitt Triggers
Schmitt trigger A voltage-level detector. The output of a Schmitt trigger changes state when
When a positive-going input passes the upper trigger point (UTP) voltage. When a negative-going input passes the lower trigger point (LTP) voltage.
Trigger Point Voltages
Trigger point voltages may be equal or unequal in magnitude, and are opposite in polarity.
Hysteresis
Hysteresis A term that is often used to describe the range of voltages between the UTP and LTP of a Schmitt trigger.
Noninverting Schmitt Trigger
(Symmetrical trigger points)
UTP Rin ( Vout ) Rf
LTP
Rin (Vout ) Rf
Noninverting Schmitt Trigger
(Asymmetrical trigger points)
UTP Rin (Vout 0.7 V) Rf 1
LTP
Rin (Vout 0.7 V) Rf 2
Inverting Schmitt Trigger
(Symmetrical trigger points)
UTP Rf 2 Rf 1 Rf 2 (Vout )
LTP Rf 2 Rf 1 Rf 2 (Vout )
Inverting Schmitt Trigger
(Asymmetrical trigger points)
UTP Rf 3 Rf 1 Rf 3 (Vout 0.7 V)
LTP
Rf 3 Rf 2 Rf 3
(Vout 0.7 V)
Schmidt trigger con transistores
Multivibrators
Multivibrator A circuit designed to have zero, one, or two stable output states. There are three types of multivibrators.
Astable (or Free-Running Multivibrator) Monostable (or One-Shot) Bistable (or Flip-Flop)
Astable Multivibrators
Astable multivibrator A switching circuit that has no stable output state.
The astable multivibrator is a rectangular-wave oscillator. Also referred to as a free-running multivibrator.
Monostable Multivibrators
Monostable multivibrator A switching circuit with one stable output state.
Also referred to as a one-shot. The one-shot produces a single output pulse when it receives a valid input trigger signal.
Bistable Multivibrators
Bistable multivibrator A switching circuit with two stable output states.
Also referred to as a flip-flop. The output changes state when it receives a valid input trigger signal, and remains in that state until another valid trigger signal is received.
The 555 Timer
555 timer An 8-pin IC designed for use in a variety of switching applications.
Comparator Input/Output Relationships
Flip-Flop Input/Output Relationships
555 Timer One-Shot
555 Timer One-Shot Waveforms
PW 1.1RC
Intermittent One-Shot Operation
A valid input trigger fulfills one of these relationships:
VT 13 VCC VT 1 2 Vcon
Invalid input signals may result in intermittent operation.
Decoupling Capacitors
Decoupling capacitor A capacitor connected between the supply voltage and ground pins of an IC to prevent intermittent high-frequency operation.
555 Timer Astable Multivibrator
Astable Multivibrator Waveforms
Astable Multivibrator Relationships
1.44 f0 ( R A 2 RB )C1 R A RB duty cycle 100 R A 2 RB PW 0.693(R A RB )C1
Voltage-Controlled Oscillators (VCOs)
Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) A free-running oscillator whose output frequency is controlled by a dc input voltage.
