SUPER CRITICAL

WHY-SUPER CRITICAL
AS PER MARKET REQUIREMENTS*HIGH AVAILABILITY & RELIABILITY. *HIGHEST ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE PLANT-HIGHEST EFFICIENCY AND LOWEST HEAT RATE. *SUITABLE FOR DIFFERENT MODES OF OPERATION. *SUITABLE FOR DIFFERENT QUALITY OF FUEL. *ABILITY TO OPERATE UNDER ADVERSE GRID CONDITIONS / FLUCTUATIONS. *MINIMUM EMISSION OF POLLUTANTS. *LOWEST LIFE CYCLE COST.

Supercritical cycles are more efficient

Heat rate improvement vs. steam conditions (single reheat)

Heat rate improvement
10%
40 F or 22 C = 1.25 % improvement

5%

2600 179

Subcritical

Supercritical and UltraSupercritical

3475 240

4350 300 360

5225 psi

- Lower Fuel Consumption and Lower Emissions/ kWh -

Sub. vs. Supercritical Cycle

Impact on Emissions
Plant Efficiency, %* Plant Efficiency, Btu / kw-hr

Subcritical 34 - 37
10,000 - 9,200

Supercritical 37 - 41
9,200 - 8,300

Plant Efficiency, %

34% Base

37% Base-8%

41% Base-17%

Fuel Consumption/Total Emissions including CO2

* HHV Basis

Annual Fuel Cost Savings

500 MW Unit
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Efficiency 42% 40% 38%

36%

Coal Price USD/Short Ton

Compared to 34% subcritical efficiency, 11,000 BTU/lb coal, 80% capacity factor

Boiler-Cycle Thermodynamics

3208

2865

1800

CARNOT ENGINE (FRENCH ENGINEER SODI CARNOT 1824) CARNOTT ENGINE

1-2 2-3 3-4 4-1 Isothermal Expansion at T1K Adiabatic Expansion up to T2K Isothermal Compression at T2K Adiabatic Expansion up to T1K

For Carnot Cycle = 1 - T2 T1

where

Carnot Cycle gives maximum possible thermal efficiency which can be obtained between any two Given temperature limits.

1
4

T1

2 3

T2

T1 = Temp. of heat source

T2 = Temp. of heat sink

RANKINE CYCLE
The Carnot Cycle is theoretically most efficient, but it is having practical difficulties. For steam power plant, practical thermal cycle was suggested by Rankine, called Ideal cycle.
T
T1

3-3 BFP raises pressure from p2 to p1 4 p1 1 3-4 Heating In feed heaters & eco 4 -1 Heating In boiler 1-2 Work done in Turbine from p1 to p2
2-3HEAT REJECTION IN CONDENSER

3
T2

p2

THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF RANKINE CYCLE

Q -Q W Useful work = ------- = --- = ---------------Q Q Heat supplied
1 2 1

Rejected Heat = 1 - -------------------Useful Heat T -T T Carnot = -------- = 1 - --1 2 2

To achieve more efficiency T2 should be as low as possible and T1 should be as high as possible

THERMAL POWER
WE REQURIED HIGHER CYCLE EFFICIENCY FOR:CONSERVATION OF FUEL RESOURCES. REDUCTION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS- OXIDES OF SULPHER AND NITROGEN(NOX. & SOX) REDUCTION IN CORBAN DIA OXIDE EMISSION(RELATED TO GLOBAL WARMING). BETTER ECONOMY IN POWER GENERATION AS FUEL COSTS ARE HIGH AND POLLUTION CONTROL REQUIREMENTS ARE STRINGENT. HIGHER CYCLE EFFICIENCY CAN BE ACIEVED BY -HIGHER LIVE STEAM PARAMETERS,REDUCTION IN CONDENSER ABSOLUTE PRESSURE AND ADOPTION OF DOUBLE REHEAT CYCLE.

FUEL FOR STEAM POWER PLANTS

CAOL & LIGNITE:*ABUNDANT AVAILABILITY *LOWER COST. *WILL CONTINUE AS THE MAIN FUELS IN MANY COUNTRIES. MEASURES TO IMPROVE PLANT EFFICIENCY AND REDUCE HEAT RATE:*MINIMUM RH SPRAY *MINIMUM SH SPRAY(IF TAPPING BEFORE FEED HEATERS) *MINIMUM FLUE GAS TEMP. AT APH OUTLET. *MINIMUM EXCESS AIR AT APH OUTLET *MINIMUM UNBURNT CARBON LOSS(AT FLY & BOTTAM ASH) *REDUCING AUXILIARY POWER CONSUMPTION.

IMPROVEMENT IN CYCLE EFFICIENCY

APPROXIMATE IMPROVEMENT IN CYCLE EFFICIENCY PRESSURE-0.005% PER BAR TEMP -0.011% PER Deg. K IMPLICATION OF HIGHER STEAM PARAMETERS ON BOILER *BOILER TYPE *MATERIALS *RELIABILITY & AVAILABILITY

TYPES OF BOILERS
*DRUM TYPE:-STEAM GENERATION IN FURANCE WATER WALL,EVAPORATION END POINT & SEPERATION OF STEAM & WATER TAKES PLACE AT DRUM,SEPERATED WATER MIXED WITH INCOMIMG FEED WATER.

NATURAL CIRCULATION BOILER-CIRCULATION THRU WATER WALL BY THERMO- SIPHON EFFECT. CONTROLLED CIRCULATION BOILER- AT HIGHER OPERATING PR. BUT BELOW CRITICAL PR.THERMO SIPHON EFFECT SUPPLEMENTED BY CONTROLLED CIRCULATION PUMPS. *FOR DRUM TYPE BOILER THE GASES AT THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER OUTLET CAN NOT BE COOLED BELOW A CERTAIN VALUE(TEMP). *DIMENSIONING OF THE HEATING SURFACES OF BOILERS HAVING FIXED EVAPORATION END POINT MUST BE DONE PRECISELY. *GENERATION OF STEAM AND SPRAYING QUANTITY IN SH CHANGES ,IF OPERATING POINT DEVIATES FROM THE DESIGN POINT.

Increase of Cycle Efficiency due to Steam Parameters

Increase of efficiency [%] 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 300
Pressure [bar]

6,77 5,74 4,81 4,26 3,37 2,64 2,42 1,78 0

241 175 538 / 538

5,79 3,74 2,76

3,44 1,47

600 / 620

0,75
566 / 566 538 / 566

580 / 600

HP / RH outlet temperature [deg. C]

500 MW Steam Generator Coal Consumption and Emissions

Subcritical Unit Coal Saving CO2 Reduction SO2 Reduction Basis: Cycle Efficiency No. of operating hrs. t/year t/year t/year Base Base Base Supercritical Unit 68800 88270 385

% Hrs./year

Base 8000

+1.0 8000

Steam generation process

Definition of Supercritical Design Evaporator pressure (MCR) 222 bar e Supercritical Design

Source: Siemens

ONCE THROUGH BOILER CONCEPT

THE MASS FLOW RATE THROUGH ALL HEAT TRANSFER CIRCUITS FROM ECONOMISER INLET TO SUPER HEATER OUTLET IS KEPT SAME EXCEPT AT LOW LOADS WHEREIN RECIRCULATION IS RESTORED TO PROTECT THE WATER WALL SYSTEM. *ONCE-THROUGH FLOW THROUGH ALL SECTIONS OF BOILER(ECO,WW,SH). *BOILER FEED PUMP PROVIDES THE DRIVING HEAD. *IT IS SUITABLE FOR SUB CRITICAL AND SUPER CRITICAL PRESSURES.

Once Through Boiler-Concept

MAJOR DIFFERENCES FROM DRUM TYPE BOILER

*EVAPORATOR SYSTEM. *LOW LOAD CIRCULATION SYSTEM. *SEPARATOR.

ONCE THROUGH BOILER EVAPORATOR SYSTEM

*FORMED BY NUMBER OF PARALLER TUBES. *TUBES SPIRALLY WOUND AROUND THE FURNACE TO REDUCE THE NO OF TUBES & INCREASE THE MASS FLOW RATE THROUGH THE TUBES. *SMALL TUBE DIAMETER. *ARRANGEMENT ENSURES HIGH MASS VELOCITY THROUGH THE TUBES.

CONTROLLED CIRCULATION (Vs) ONCE THRU

CC

OT

Once -thru Boiler - Furnace Wall

Furnace Arrangement

SPIRAL TYPE

VERTICAL TYPE

FURNACE WALL
*INCREASED OPERATING PR INCREASES THE MEDIUM TEMP *INCREASED REGENERATIVE FEED HEATING INCREASES THE FLUID INLET TEMP. *LARGER FURNACES REQUIRED FOR NOx REDUCTION, INCREASES SH STEAM TEMP AT FURNACE WALL OUTLET.

SPIRAL WALL ADVANTAGES

IT CAN BE USED IN BOILER OF ANY CAPACITY. IT IS HAVING MORE UNIFORM HEAT ABSORPTION AS THE TUBES PASSESTHROUGH ALL FURNACE WALLHENCE EVAPORATOR OUTLET STEAM TEMP. ARE MORE UNIFORM. DISADVANTAGES-FURNACE WALLS ARE NOT SELF SUPPORTED AS TUBES ARE INCLINED,EXTERNAL SUPPORT (STRAP SYSTEM) IS NEEDED,FABRICATION & INSTALLATION ARE DIFFECULT HENCE INCREASES THE COST.

VERTICAL WALL
VERTICAL WALLS ONE PASS
*CAN BE USED IN LARGE CAPACITY BOILERS *FLOW THROUGH INDIVIDUAL EVAPORATOR TUBE DEPENDES ON THE TOTAL FLOW,TUBE SIZE AND FURNACE PERIMETER. *THE STEAM TEMP LEAVING EVAPORATOR VARIES DEPENDING ON THE HEAT ABSORPTION.

VERTICAL WALL MULTI PASS

*NOT SUTABLE FOR SLIDIND PR OPERATION. *TO AVOID SEPERATION OF STEAM AT SUB CRITICAL PRESSURES THE EVAPORATOR IS KEPTAT SUPER CRITICAL PRESSURE AT ALL LOADS.

VERTICAL TUBE WITH VARIABLE PR. FURNACE WALL PROVIDES ALL THE OPERATIONAL BENEFITSOF THE CURRENTLY POPULER SPRIAL DESIGN WHILE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCING THE COST & CONSTRUCTION TIME FOR THE FURNACE AND PROVIDING SOME REDUCTION IN PR. DROP. ADVANTAGES ARE- THE TUBES ARE SELF SUPPORTING,TRANSTION HEADERS AT SPRIAL/VERTICAL INTERFACE ARE AVOIDED,ASH HOPPER TUBING GEOMETRY SIMPLIFIED,EASIER FORMING OF CORNERS,REDUCED PRESSURE DROP(AUXILIARY POWER).

SUPER HEATERS
INCREASE IN TUBE METAL TEMP.& PR IN FINAL SECTIONS WITH INCREASE IN OUTLET STEAM TEMP MAY CAUSE HIGH TEMP CORROSION AND STEAM SIDE OXIDATION HIGHER TEMP. & PR. LEAD TO INCREASE IN THICKNESS OFSHELL OF SEPARATOR,START-UP-SYSTEM COMPONENTS,SH OUTLET HEADER,MAIN STEAM PIPING. HIGHER THICKNESS RESULTS IN LARGER TEMP GRAIDIENTS ACROSS WALLS.

ONCE-THRU BOILER(LOW LOAD CIRCULATION SYSTEM) AT PART LOADS ONCE THRU FLOW NOT ADEQUATE TO COOL THE TUBES,SO TO MAINTAIN REQURIED MASS VELOCITIES BOILER OPERATES ON CIRCULATING MODE (EXCESS FLOW SUPPLIED BY FEED P/P OR A DEDICATED CIRCULATING P/P)

ONCE - THROUGH OPERATING RANGE

LOW LOAD SYSTEM WITH CIRC. PUMP

LOW LOAD SYSTEM WITH HEAT EXCHANGER

LOW LOAD CIRCULATION SYSTEMTHE EXESS FLOW OVER THE ONCE THRU FLOW SEPARATED AND RETURNED TO THE CONDENSER THRU HEAT EXCHANGER OR RECIRCULATED BACK TO THE BOILER DIRECTLY BY DEDICATED CIRCULATING PUMP. SEPERATOR:SEPARATES STEAM AND WATER DURING THE CIRCULATING MODE OPERATION(RUNS DRY DURING ONCE-THRU FLOW MODE (SMALLER IN SIZE COMPARED TO DRUM).

Sliding Pressure Operation

Sliding Pressure Supercritical Operation

Pressure operation mode at boiler outlet
4350

1
3625 psig)

2900

2
2175

1450

1. Constant Pressure Operation

725

2. Modified Sliding Pressure Operation

3. Pure Sliding Pressure Operation

ONCE-THRU BOILERS BETTER SUITED FOR SLIDING PR MODE *STEAM TEMP CAN BE MAINTAINED OVER WIDER LOAD RANGE UNDER SLIDING PR. *QUICK RESPONSE TO LOAD CHANGES. *SHORTER START UP TIME. *HIGHER TOLERANCE TO VARYING COAL QUALITY. *SUITABLE FOR SUB & SUPER CRITICALPRESSURE.

Faster Start-up Time with Supercritical Design

Once - Thru
Hot Start Up, after 2 hr shutdown Warm Start Up, after 8 hr shutdown Cold Start Up, after 36 hr shutdown

First Fire to Turbine Synch, Minute without Bypass System 40 65 130

First Fire to Turbine Synch, Minute with Bypass System 30 45 90

Drum
Hot Start Up, after 2 hr shutdown Warm Start Up, after 8 hr shutdown Cold Start Up, after 36 hr shutdown

First Fire to Turbine Synch, Minute without Bypass System 40 65 - 90 180 - 260

First Fire to Turbine Synch, Minute with Bypass System 30 45 - 70 140 - 220

Once -thru Boiler

Requirements :
Stringent water quality Different control system compared to drum type Low load circulation system Special design to support the spiral furnace wall weight High pressure drop in pressure parts Higher design pressure for components from feed pump to separator

Sliding Pressure Supercritical Design

Spiral Wall System

Vertical Upper Furnace Wall Transition Header and Furnace Wall Forged Elbows

Spiral Lower Furnace Wall

Spiral Waterwall Tubing

Lateral Heat Flux Profile

WATER WALL TUBING

BENSON
Final Eva.

ALSTOM
X

SH
1930

SH
1930

SH
1960

SH

SH

2000+ ? Spiral Type Boiler

1965

1985

Vertical Type Boiler

Spiral Tube and Vertical Tube Boiler

Spiral Wall Sliding Pressure Supercritical Design

Spiral Furnace Windbox Panel

Realising higher steam parameters is dependent, to a great extent on the availability of materials to withstand the demanding service conditions

Requirements of Materials for Supercritical cycles

Strength to resist rupture at design condition Fatigue strength to withstand cycling stresses Ability to resist stress concentrations Resistance to oxidation,corrosion and erosion Ability to withstand damaging metallurgical changes. Ease of fabrication Good physical properties to minimise thermal stresses.

Low Alloy steels

Can meet live steam temperatures of 540 Deg.C. Reduced creep strength at higher temperatures calls for high thickness Poor resistance to oxidation at high temperatures Good workability & high thermal conductivity

Austenitic steels
Superior high temp. strength High Steam side oxidation High temperature corrosion Susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking Expensive.

New Materials
Optimised to achieve : Greater long-term rupture strength Improved resistance to high temperature corrosion Lower oxide film growth

T91/P91
Bridged the gap between Low alloy ferritic steels and Austenitic steels Higher Creep strength compared to the earlier ferritic steels Lower thickness resulting from the higher creep strength advantageous in meeting transient temperature changes

T92/P92
Development on T91/P91 Creep rupture strength higher than T91/P91(20 to 30% higher at 600 Deg C) Will facilitate raising steam temperature by 20 deg C over T91/P91 capability

T23/T24
Higher Creep Rupture Strength compared to T22. Potential candidate for use in evaporator walls.

Steam temperature range for Materials

MATERIAL X20CrMo V12-1 X3CrNiMoN17-13 Esshete 1250 TP 347 H FG, SUPER 304 H HR 3C (25 Cr 20 Ni Nb N) AC 66 (27 Cr 30 Ni Nb Ce) NF 709 (20 Cr 25 Ni Mo Nb Ti) Incoclad 671/ Incoloy 800 HT Compound Tubes Coextruded Tubes Alloy 617 (NiCr 23 Co 12 Mo) LIVE STEAM TEMPERATURE < 565 Deg.C (< 545 Deg.C for SH) 565 Deg.C 580 Deg.C 580 Deg.C - 600 Deg.C 600 Deg.C - 620 Deg.C

620 Deg.C 720 Deg.C

Vertical Wall Furnace Design

1 1/8 in. on 1 5/8 in. centers (FRONT & SIDE WALLS)

1 1/4 in. on 1 5/8 in. centers (FRONT & SIDE WALLS)

SCREEN TUBES SMOOTH TUBING HANGER TUBES SMOOTH TUBING

1-1/4 O.D. Rifled Tubing

8.0 ft.

1 1/8 in. on 1 5/8 in. centers (FRONT, REAR & SIDE WALLS)

SA213 T23

ARCH RIFLED TUBING

1-1/8 O.D. Rifled Tubing

SA213 T12
SIDE WALL RIFLED TUBING

FRONT WALL RIFLED TUBING

. 3.0 ft. max.

REAR WALL RIFLED TUBING

SMOOTH TUBING FROM THIS ELEVATION ALL WALLS

Boiler Pressure Part Materials Tubing Oxidation Temperature Limits

MATERIAL Carbon Steel ASME ALLOY SA-178C/ D OXIDATION LIMIT 455C

SA-210 A-1/ C
Carbon-1/2 Mo 1 Cr-1/2 Mo 2-1/4 Cr-1 Mo 2-1/4 Cr-1.6W-V-Cb 9 Cr-1 Mo-V 9 Cr-2W 18 Cr-8 Ni 18 Cr-10 Ni-Cb 18 Cr-9 Ni-3Cu-Cb-N SA-209 T-1A SA-213 T-12 SA-213 T-22 SA-213 T-23 SA-213 T91 SA-213 T92 SA-213 TP304H SA-213 TP347H SA-213 Super304H 760C >760C 482C 552C 593C 593C 650C 650C 760C 760C

25 Cr-20 Ni-Cb-N SA-213 HR3C

WATER QUALITY FOR SUPER CRITICAL BOILERS

1. EFFECT OF SUPER CRITICAL PARAMETRS:

IMPROVEMENT IN FUEL EFFIENCY AND HEAT RATE

DECREASE IN SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION & REDUCTION IN EMISSION THESE ARE THE DRIVING FACTORS FOR SUPER CRITICAL CYCLE

2.CRITICAL PARAMETERS
SUPERCRITICAL BOILER

OERATE AT PRESSURE >200 BAR AND TEMPERATURE IS >600 deg.C THEREFORE THE CONSTRUCTION OF MATERIALSHOULD HAVE HIGH MECHANICAL STRENGTH AND LOW CREEP.

AT

SUPER CRITICAL CONDITION THE MEDIUM IS JUST A HOMOGENEOUS FLUID RATHER THAN WATER OR STEAM. THEREFORE USUALLY SUPERCRITICAL BOILER ARE OF ONCE THROUGH TYPE.

3.DEFINITION OF SUPERCRITICAL CONDITION CRITICAL CONDITION IS THERMODYNAMIC

EXPRESSION DESCRIBING THE STATE OF A SUBSTANCE BEYOUND WHICH THERE IS NO CLEAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE LIQUID AND GASEOUS PHASE.

4.REQUIREMENT OF WATER QUALITY

THE CONTENTS OF DISSOLVED AND UNDISSOLVED SOLIDS AND OTHER MATERIAL SHOULD BE PRACTICALLY ZERO. IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN ABOVE CONDITIONS CONTINUOUS PURIFICATION OF THE RETURN CONDENSATE BY MEANS OF CPU IS MANDETORY IT EMPLOY THE USE OF ALL VOLATILE TREATMENT IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN THE LOW TDS IN WATER.

O.T. IS RECENT METHOD EMPLOYED FOR THE TREATMENT OF WATER/STEAM CYCLE

EFFECT OF CARBONIC ACID ON CORROSION RATE

10 ppm

8 ppm

5. MAKE UP WATER QUALITY

PARAMETERS

SAMPLE TARGET FREQUENCY VALUE -----------------------------------------------------------------1. SODIUM , PPB C <3 2. CONDUCTIVITY C S/CM 3. SILICA , PPB C OR S 4. CHLORIDE , PPB C OR S < 0.1

< 10
<3

5. SULPHATE ,PPB D <3 ------------------------------------------------------------------

6.CONDENSATE PUMP DISCHARGE

PARAMETERS

SAMPLE TARGET FREQUENCY VALUE --------------------------------------------------------------------------1.SODIUM, PPB C <3 2.CATION CONDUCTIVITY C < 0.2 S/CM 3.OXYGEN, PPB C < 10 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. C.P.U OUTLET PARAMETERS SAMPLE TARGET FRQUENCY VALUE --------------------------------------------------------------------------1. SODIUM, PPB C <2 2.CAT.CONDUCTIVITY S/CM 3. SILICA, PPB 4. CHLORIDE, PPB C C OR S S < 0.1 <5 <2

5. SULPHATE, PPB S <2 (VALUE BASED ON EPRI GUIDELINES) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. FEED WATER
SAMPLE AVT OT FREQUENCY ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PARAMETERS

1. CATION CONDUCTIVITY S/CM 2.HYDRAZINE, PPB 3. pH

C C C

< 0.15 10-15 9.0-9.5

<0.15 ----7.0-8.5

4. DISSOLVED OXYGEN, PPB

5. TOTAL IRON, PPB 6. SILICA, PPB 7.SODUIM, PPB

C
S S S

<5
<2 <5 <2

30-150
<2 <5 <2

8.CHLORIDE, PPB S <2 <2 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CONTD MAGNETITE FORMATION IN ALL VOLATILE TREATMENT

CONTD OXIDE FORMATION IN OXYGENETED CONDITION

CONTD.

Cycle chemistry limit of boiler water during start up, normal operation and shutdown is shown below: 2 a-b

S ta rtu p

O p e r a t io n

1 H our

Shut D ow n > 9 .0

pH

8 .0 - 8 .5

N H 3 ppb

(A s n e e d e d )

O 2 ppb

0 0

30-150
0 .2

C a t io n C o n d u c t iv it y u s /c m

< 0 .1 5

F ig u r e 4 : S t a r t u p , o p e r a t io n & s h u t d o w n g u id a n c e f o r o x y g e n a t e d c h e m is t r y in c lu d in g p a r a m e t r ic lim it s s h o w n . D o t t e d lin e s r e p r e s e n t s o p t im u m s it u a t io n

CONTD.

THE ALL VOLATILE TREATMENT OFFER GOOD PROCTECTION OF THE SYSTEM IN BOILER. BUT THE RATE OF INCREASE IN PRESSURE DROP IS CONSIDERABLE DUE TO DEPOSITION OF SCALE. THIS WARRANT REGUALR CHEMICAL CLEANING. OXYGENETED MODE OF TREATMENT OF FEED WATER RESULTED IN PRACTICALLY NO DEPOSITION OF SCALE IN BOILER SYSTEM. THEREFORE LONGER PERIOD OFOPERATION WITHOUT CLEANING.

9. RATIONALE FOR MONITORING TARGET PARAMETERS MONITORING OF PARAMETERS ARE NECESSARY BECAUSE: (a) pH :
- CORROSION IS FUNCTION OF pH AND OXYGEN
- ALKALINE CONDITION INCREASES STABILITY OF MAGNETITE IN ALL VOLATILE TREATMENT

- IN O.T. STABILITY OF FeOOH IS IN RANGE OF pH 7-8.5

(b) SODIUM/CHLORIDE/SULPHATE:
- ARE THE MAJOR CORRODANT PRESSURE PARTS. FOR TURBINE AND

Contd.

(c) DISSOLVEDOXYGEN:
- TO ENSURE THE FUNCTIONING OF DEAREATOR - TO CONTROL THE AMOUNT OFHYDRAZINE IN FEED WATER.

(d) IRON:
THE CORROSION PRODUCT IN WATER/STEAM CYCLE INDICATES THE CORROSIVE CONDITIONS

(e) SP.CONDUCTIVITY/CATION CONDUCTIVITY:

MOST IMPORTANT PARAMETER INDICATE THE LEVEL OF TREATMENT CHEMICAL AND INDICATION OF IMPURITIES.

10. INSTRUMENTATION FOR WATER/STEAM CYCLE INSTRUMENTATION FOR CORE PARAMETERS LOCATION PARAMETERS RANGE ALARM ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.MAKE UP WATER 2.CEP DISCHARGE CONDUCTIVITY SP.CONDUCTIVITY CATION CONDUCTIVITY SODIUM D.O. 0 - 1 S/CM YES YES YES YES YES 0 - 10 S/CM 0 - 1 S/CM 0 -1,0 - 100 ppb 0 - 100 ppB

3.C.P.U.(OUTLET) AS IN S.No.2 CHLORIDE 0 -10 ppb YES --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CONTD.

LOCATION PARAMETERS RANGE ALARM ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.FEED WATER pH SILICA D.O. HYDRAZINE CAT.CONDUCTIVITY SP.CONDUCTIVITY 6 - 11 YES 0 -20 - 100ppb YES 0 -10 - 100 - 500ppb YES 0 -50 -100Pppb YES 0 -1 S/CM YES 0 -10 S/CM YES

5.BOILER DRUM (FOR DRUM TYPE)

pH SILICA SP.CONDUCTIVITY CAT.CONDUCTIVITY

6 - 11 0 -500 ppb 0 - 10 -20 S/CM 0 -1 S/CM

YES YES YES YES

SP.CONDUCTIVITY 0 - 10 S/CM YES CAT.CONDUCTIVITY 0 -1 S/CM YES SODIUM 0 -10 ppB YES -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.STEAM