Scribd
Upload
296 views45 pages

Noise: Any Unwanted Signal That Interfere With Wanted Signal Impair Communication System Degrade The System Performance

The document discusses different types of noise that can affect communication systems, including correlated and uncorrelated noise. It also covers topics like signal-to-noise ratio, noise density, noise factor, effective noise temperature, and how noise impacts various modulation schemes such as AM, FM, and digital modulation. Examples are provided to demonstrate noise calculations for different modulation types and amplifier cascades.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Salah Elgabo
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
296 views45 pages

Noise: Any Unwanted Signal That Interfere With Wanted Signal Impair Communication System Degrade The System Performance

The document discusses different types of noise that can affect communication systems, including correlated and uncorrelated noise. It also covers topics like signal-to-noise ratio, noise density, noise factor, effective noise temperature, and how noise impacts various modulation schemes such as AM, FM, and digital modulation. Examples are provided to demonstrate noise calculations for different modulation types and amplifier cascades.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Salah Elgabo
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 45

Noise

Any unwanted signal that


interfere with wanted signal
Impair communication system
Degrade the system
performance

Type of Noise
Uncorrelated noise: is noise which
has no any relation with the
original signal that transmitted
through communication system
Correlated noise: is noise which
related to the original signal that
pass through electronic circuit of
communication system, due to non
linear amplification


Type of uncorrelated noise
External noise :generated from
external source such as:
Atmospheric noise
Sun radiation noise
Cosmic noise
Man made noise
Type of uncorrelated noise
Internal noise : generated from
electronic circuit such as:
Johnson noise: due to the increase of
electrical circuit temperature that
increase the random motion of
electrons.
Increase with the system bandwidth
Other type of internal noise (power
supply noise) such as shot noise

Thermal noise
Signal to noise ratio
Use for communication system
performance
As this ratio increased the
effeciency of communication
system icreased
is defined as signal power to
noise power
Bandwidth improvement
Means decrease the noise ratio
by decreasing bandwidth
Noise density
O
N
N KT
B
= =
Noise factor
Is ratio of signal to noise
input to signal to noise out
put

( )
( )
i
O
S
N
F
S
N
=
Effective Noise temperature:
Amplifier in cascade

Total effective noise temperature
3 2
1
1 1 2
...
e
Te Te
T Te
G GG
= + + +
System noise temperature
3 2
1
1 1 2
...
S ant
Te Te
T T Te
G GG
= + + + +
Total noise figure
3 2 4
1
1 1 2 1 2 3
1 1 1
...
total
F F F
F F
G GG GG G

= + + + +
Overall system temperature
FOR A
FOR (B)
0
( 1)
( 1)
s ant o e
L F T
T T L T LT
G

= + + +
Effect of Noise on a Baseband System

baseband systems serve as a
basis for comparison of
various modulation systems.
In this case, there exists no
demodulator, and the receiver
consists only of a low pass
filter with bandwidth W.


The noise power at the
output of the receiver is,
therefore:

If we denote the received
power by PR, the baseband
SNR is given by:

0
2
W
O
n
W
N
P df N W

= =
}
0
r
b
P
S
N N W
| |
=
|
\ .
Effect of noise on base band system
r
O O
P S
N N W
| |
=
|
\ .
Effect of noise on DSB-SC AM
r
ODSB SC B O
P S S
N N W N

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
EFFECT OF NOISE ON SSB
r
OSSB B O
P S S
N N W N
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
Effect of noise on conventional AM
&
1 max
AM B
mn
mn
mn
S S
N N
mp pm
p
mp pm
q
q
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
= =
+
EXAMPLE
The message signal m(t) has a
bandwidth of 10 KHz, a power
of 16W and a maximum
amplitude of 6. It is desirable to
transmit this message to a
destination via a channel with
80dB attenuation and additive
white noise with power spectral
density 10
-12
W/Hz, and achieve
a SNR at the modulator output
of at least 50 dB. What is the
required transmitter power and
channel bandwidth if the
following modulation schemes
are employed?
1. DSBAM 2. SSB AM
3. Conventional AM with
modulation index equal to 0.8

SOLUTION
We first determine (S/N)
b
as a
basis of comparison.

8
12 4
0
8
8 8
10
2 2 10 10
10log 80 10
10 10
2 2
R R R
b
T
R T
R
T T
b
P P P
S
N N W X X
P
P P
P
X P P
S
N

| |
= = =
|
\ .
= =
| |
= =
|
\ .
1. FOR DSB AM WE HAVE:
5
5 5
50 10
2
10 2 10 200
2
2 10000 20000 20
T
O b
T
T
P
S S
dB
N N
P
P X W KW
BW X Hz kHz
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .
= = =
= = =
2.SSB AM
5
10
2
200
10000 10
T
O B
T
P
S S
N N
P KW
BW W Hz KHz
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .
=
= = =
3.CONVENTIONAL AM
0
2
2 2
2
5
2
0.8,
2
4
,
36 9 1 (max ( ) )
4
0.8
9
0.22 0.11 10
4
2
1 0.8
3
909
2 20
T
B
mn mn m
mn
mn
T
T
T
P S S
a
N N
a p p p
Where p
a p m t
X
P
P
X
P KW
BW W KHz
q q
q
q
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .
= = = =
+
= ~ = =
+
~
= =
Effect of noise on angle modulation
3 2
2 2
2
,
2
3
,
2
P C M
O
O
F C M
O
K A P
PM
N W
S
N
K A P
FM
W N W

| |
=

|
\ .

2
2
2
, ,
2
max ( ) ,
max ( ) ,
exp as:
,
max ( )
3 ,
max ( )
C
R
p p
f
P M
R
o
O
f
M
R
o
A
Noting that is the received signal power denoted by P and
K m t PM
K m t
FM
W
we may ress the output SNR
P
P PM
m t N w
S
N
P
P FM
m t N w
|
|
|
=

| |

|
|

\ . | |
=

|
\ .
| |
|
|
\ .

( )
( )
0
3
2
3
2
,
,
,
max ( )
3 ,
max ( )
in th exp
R
O
M P
b
M f
O
b
P S
if we denote by the SNR of abaseband
N N
system with the same received power we obtain
P S
PM
N
m t
S
P
S
N
N
FM
m t
Note that e above ression
|
|
| |
|
\ .

| |
|
\ .

| |
=

| | |
\ .
|
\ .

( )
2

max ( )

( )
M
P
m t
is the average to peak power ratio of the message
signal power content of normalize message
2
0
2
2( 1)
1, ,
2
1
2
( ) ( ) ,
max ( )
1
2
3 ( ) ( ) ,
max ( )
C
M b
M b
B
W
Therefore
S
P PM
m t N
S
N
S
P FM
m t N
|
|
O = = +
O
=
O

| |
=

|
O
\ .

For sinusoidal message:



2
2
0
1
2 (max ( ) )
3
( )
2
m
b
P
m t
S S
N N
|
=
| |
=
|
\ .
Example
Suppose an amplifier is
designed of three identical
stages, each of which has a
gain of Gi = 5 and a noise
figure Fi =6, i = 1, 2, 3.
Determine the overall noise
figure of the cascade of the
three stages.

solution
3 2
1
1 2 3
1 1 2
, , 6 1, 2 5
6 1 0.2 7.2
8.57
dB
F F
F F
G G gG
WhereF F F andG G
F
F dB
= + +
= =
= + + =
=
Transmission Losses

any physical channel attenuates
the signal transmitted through it.
The amount of signal attenuation
generally depends on the
physical medium,the frequency
of operation, and the distance
between the transmitter and the
receiver.

We define the loss L in signal
transmission as the ratio of
the input (transmitted) power
to the output (received) power
of the channel; i.e
In LOS radio systems the
transmission loss is given as:


T
R
P
L
P
=
2
4 d
L
t

| |
=
|
\ .
example
1.Determine the transmission loss
for a 10Km and a 20Km coaxial
cable if the loss/Km is 2 dB at the
frequency operation.
2. Determine the free-space
path loss for a signal
transmitted at f = 1MHz over
distances of 10 Km and 20 Km


tut1
A signal is transmitted through a
10Km coaxial line channel which
exhibits a loss of 2 dB/Km. The
transmitted signal power is PTdB
= -30 dBW (-30 dBW means 30 dB
below 1W or, simply, 1mW).
Determine the received signal
power and the power at the
output of an amplifier which has a
gain of cgdB = 15 dB

tut2
A signal with bandwidth 4 kHz is to
be. transmitted a distance of 200
Km over a wire line channel that
has an attenuation of 2 dBlKm.
(1) Determine the transmitter
power PT required to achieve an
SNR of (S/ N)o = 30 dB at the
output of the receiver amplifier
which has a noise figure Fa dB = 5 dB
(2) Repeat the calculation when a
repeater is inserted every 10 Km
in the wireline channel, where the
repeater has. a gain of 20 dB and
A noise figure of Fa= 5 dB Assume
that the noise equivalent band
Width of each repeater is Bneq =4
KHz and that No =4 x 10
-21
W/Hz.

tut3
A radio antenna pointed in a direction of
the sky has a noise temperatures of
50 K. The antenna feeds the received signal
to the preamplifier which has a gainof35
dB over a bandwidth of 10 MHz and a
noise figure of2 dB.
1.Determine the effective noise
temperature at the input to the
preamplifier.
2. Determine the noise power at the output
of the preamplier.

tut4
An amplifier has a noise-
equivalent bandwidth Bneq =
25 KHz and a maximum
available power gain of c:g = 30
dB. Its output noise power is
108kTo. Determine the effective
noise temperature and the
noise figure.

You might also like