The Network Layer in the Internet
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Internet Protocol [IP]
Is a host-to host network layer delivery protocol. It is unreliable & Connectionless Datagram Protocol. It is a best effort delivery service.
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IP HEADER
32 bits
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Type of Service
D- Delay T- Throughput R- Relay
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Control Flags
Bit 0:
reserved, must be zero
Bit 1:
(DF) 0 = May Fragment, 1 = Don't Fragment.
Bit 2:
(MF) 0 = Last Fragment, 1 = More Fragments.
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Protocol
Defines the higher level protocols that uses the services of IP layer.
Value Protocol
ICMP IGMP TCP UDP OSPF
Transport Layer ICMP IGMP
TCP
UDP
1 2
OSPF
6 17
Network Layer
Header
89
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Options
Option
Security Strict source routing Loose source routing Record route Timestamp
Description
Specifies how secret the datagram Gives the complete path to be followed Gives a list of routers not be missed. Makes each router append its IP address Makes each router append its IP address and Timestamp
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IP Address
Common Notation to show a n IP address 1. Binary Notation. [BN] 2. Dotted Decimal Notation. [DDN] Eg:
BN 10000000 00001011 00000011 00011111
DDN
128.11.3.31
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Classful Addressing
32 bits
Class
A B
0 10 Network Network Host Host 1.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
C
D E
110
Network
Host
192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 to 247.255.255.255
1110
Multicast Address
11110
Reserved for future use
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Subnet & Subnet Mask
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10
Internet Control Protocols
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol ARP -- Address Resolution Protocol RARP - Reverse Address Resolution Protocol BOOTP- BOOTstrap Protocol
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ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
IP has two deficiencies 1. Lack of Error Control 2. Lack of Assistance Mechanisms To overcome these deficiencies ICMP was designed.
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ICMP Types of Messages
ICMP messages can be divided into two broad categories: 1. Error Reporting Messages 2. Query Messages
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Error Reporting Messages
Error Reporting
Destination Unreachable
Source Quench
Time Exceeded
Parameter Problems
Redirection
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Query Messages
Query
Echo request & reply
Time stamp request & reply
Address Mask request & reply
Router solicitation & advertisement
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The Address Resolution Protocol
Router has 2 IP addresses 192.31.60.4 192.31.65.1 F2 192.31.65.7 192.31.65.5
1 2
Router has 2 IP addresses To WAN 192.31.60.7 192.31.63.3 192.31.63.8
3 4
F1
F3
E1
E2
E3
Campus FDDI ring 192.31.60.0
E4
E5
E6
Ethernet Addresses
CS Ethernet
192.31.65.0 EE Ethernet 192.31.63.0
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Reverse Address resolution protocol
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BOOTP Protocol
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Self Study
The Interior Gateway Routing Protocol [OSPF] The Exterior Gateway Routing Protocol [BGP] Internet Multicasting Mobile IP Classless InterDomain Routing [ CDIR]
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