Introductory Entomology
Master Gardener Training February 16, 2010 Linn and Benton Co., OR
Laurel Moulton
--Graduate Student --
Oregon State University
The Menu for today:
Basic Entomology Identifying plant damage Common insect orders BREAK Lab Beneficial insects Habitat
Goals for today
Basic knowledge Questions to ask
Resources
Small bodies, BIG impact
waste management nutrient cycling crop protection food webs cultural value plant propagation entomophagy disease transmission destroy commodities
Christian Grantham
from Gullen & Cranston, The insects: and outline of entomology
Basic anatomy
Head:
Sensory Intake Communication
Arthropods: Insects= 6 legs
Thorax:
Wing
attachment leg attachment
Non insect Arthropods:
Abdomen:
Digestion Respiration Reproduction
Whats inside?
Sensory: Visual
Geoff Woodard
Ocelli
light vs. dark
Compound eyes
Mosaic Movement UV detection
Bjorn Roslett
Photo credits: Univ. of Wisconsin Dept. of Entomology
Chemosensory: Antennae
Smell Pheromones
Chemosensory: Antennae
filiform pectinate
aristate
clavate
setacious
serate
flabellate
Sensory: Other
Legs/tarsi
Vibration Taste
Ovipositor
Suitable habitat Egg laying preference
Stanislav Georb
Piercing-sucking
Mouthparts
Structure = Function
Variable Modified
chewing sponging
siphoning
D.G. MacKean
From: A. Imms
Zweibel laboratory
Insect Metamorphosis
SIMPLE
nymph adult same habitat same resources adult
winged reproductive
COMPLETE
egg larva pupa - adult different habitats often different diet advantages ? parasitism adults may not feed
Invasive.org
Whats in a name? - Taxonomy Organizational language Family Genus species Classification Latin roots: -ptera,hemi-,holo- Directional
dorsal, ventral anterior, posterior basal, apical
Insects & plants
Herbivory
Plant experiences:
Tissue loss Seed reduction Reduced vitality/vigor Pathogens
Insect receives:
Nutrition Growth Habitat
Phytophagy = plant eater
Monophagous
Most specific Specialists 1:1
Oligophagous
More broad Related genera 1: a few
Polyphagous
a.k.a Generalists Unrelated families 1: whatevers in the fridge
Defoliation
Chewing Lepidoptera, Coleoptera Symptoms
Holes Skeletonizing Defoliation
Univ. of Kentucky D G Mackean
Ravenous plant munching can be a good thing Biocontrol
Peter McEvoy
Ragwort fleabeetle
Peter McEvoy
Peter McEvoy
Cinnabar moth
Plant Mining
Chewing Larvae of
Diptera Lepidoptera
USDA-APHIS
Symptoms
Trails, tunnels Frass Secondary infections
Univ. of Hawaii
Sap Suckers
Piercing-Sucking Most life stages:
Homoptera Heteroptera
APSnet.org
D G Mackean
Symptoms
discoloration reduced vigor wilting, curling spittle
Disease transmission
Gall Formation
Piercing-sucking Plant response
salivary fluids egg laying not generally harmful
Ohio State Univ
Hymenoptera, Homoptera Symptoms on
leaves stems/twigs flowers
Univ. Of Wisc.onsin
Oregon BLM
Common insect orders
Sam Houston 2009
Coleoptera
sheath-wings Beetle
BEETLES Chewing mouthparts Complete metamorphosis Elytra
hardened/leathery front wings
Largest order if insects
James Young 2008
Not all beetles have full elytra
Cabbage seed weevil
Coleoptera: Black vine weevil
Cucumber beetle
Potato flea beetle
James Young 2007
Wire worm Seed weevil Spotted cucumber beetle
Ground beetle larva NOT wire worm
Mark Gray
Mark Fowler 2005
Black vine weevil
Black vine weevil
Chris Adam 2007
B. Anderson and M. Reding 2009
Box elder bug
Heteroptera
different-winged TRUE BUGS Piercing-Sucking mouthparts Simple metamorphosis
Front wing is divided
thickened at base membranous at tip
Scutellum
Pest Alert:
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Peter Shear
James LaBonte
Peter Shear
Identification:
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Can be confused with: Rough Stink Bug
Identification:
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Pro thorax Pronotum Shoulders
Can be confused with: Rough Stink Bug
Azalea lace bug
Damage: extensive leaf stippling
Identifying character: lacy wings!
Photos: Robin Rosetta
Homoptera
same-winged
APHIDS, WHITEFLIES, SCALES, PLANT HOPPERS, CICADAS
Piercing-Sucking mouthparts - Vector disease Wings with uniform texture - Held tent-like over body Many plant pests
UC IPM
Robin Rosetta
Eric Matthews
Aphids!
WSU Whatcom Co. Extension
Blueberry scorch virus
= disease vector!
Cornicles = Aphid
WSU Whatcom Co. Extension
Barley yellow dwarf virus
Diptera
two-wings
FLIES Chewing, often modified
Sponging (cutting) Piercing-sucking
Complete metamorphosis One pair of wings Hind wings reduced: Halter
NEW PEST ALERT
Apple maggot
Red sphere trap+lure
Cal extension
Canadian ministry of Ag.
Crane fly
Beet leaf miner
A. Schattmann
Fungus gnat
Debbie Roos NC extenstion
Goldenrod gall fly
W. Abrahamson and P. Heinrich
Spotted Wing Drosop
Spotted winged drosophila
D. Bruck 2009
M. Hauser, CDFA
Mike Reitmajer 2009
Drosophila suzukii locations in Oregon, 2011
Confirmed locations from collected fruits or trapping by ODA, APHIS and OSU
Guidelines for Monitoring Adult SWD Presence
Clear container with lid, ~10 holes (3/16) around the side of container 1.5-2 inches of solution Real apple cider vinegar + small drop of unscented liquid dish soap Service traps weekly Hang from plant or stake in shade at fruiting level in the canopy, out of wind Place as many traps in your susceptible crops as you can reasonably maintain
Pay particular attention to high risk areas
Diverse field edges with ample shade
Deploy traps just prior to fruit coloring Count and record the number of male SWD weekly
*Watch website for regional detections of SWD
Spotted Winged Drosophila
Drosophila suzukii, an invasive pest of berry and stone fruits
Oregon Non-Commercial Homeowners Backyard Management Guide
BACKYARD GARDENER MONITORING
To share your information with OSU researchers, make sure to provide as much of the requested information as possible.
Report any findings of SWD adults and larvae in fruit to your nearest extension office
Fill out the online excel record sheet and email to : [email protected] Found on SWD website, For Gardeners
http://swd.hort.oregonstate.edu
Orthoptera
long-winged
GRASSHOPPERS, KATYDIDS, CRICKETS Chewing Simple metamorphosis Characteristic legs - Hind leg= modified for jumping, - thickened femur - sound production Not much of a pest on west side
Red Planet Inc.
Isoptera
similar-winged
TERMITES Chewing Beaded antennae Social castes - colonies - queen, workers
photo: Kevin Hall 2008
Structural pests
Lucas Raptis 2008
Thysanoptera
THRIPS
fringe-wing
Sucking or rasping-sucking Intermediate development
wings develop in 3rd larval stage Go through pupal stage
TX A&M extension
4 wings fringed with hair
Sample: yellow sticky card
Bumblebee.org
Feed on flowers, fruit, leaves, twigs, buds Disease vectors
A.M Varela
Lepidoptera: Butterflies & moths
scale-wings Long proboscus: siphoning Complete metamorphosis 2 pairs of wings
Butterfly wings upright at rest Moth wings flat at rest
Butterflies of Singapore
Glen K. Peterson
Cabbage Looper
Peach tree borer
Indian meal moth
Cabbage butterfly
Cabbage looper
OSU IPPC
Love Apple Farm 2008
NM extension
TX A&M extension
Cutworms: Black spotted cutworm
Photos: OSU IPPC
Robin Rosetta
Other common cutworms
Black cutworm NOT a cutworm:
What is it? Why?
Glassy cutworm
Other common cutworms
Black cutworm NOT a cutworm:
What is it? Why?
Glassy cutworm
No legs! Ruffly posterior
Coddling Moth
Doug Wilson USDA-ARS
WSU extension
Apple maggot
Be on the lookout for:
Light brown apple moth
D. Williams
Class: Isopoda
same foot
PILL-BUGS, ROLY-POLYS, SOWBUGS non-insect arthropod Habitat: moist, damp, dark soil macrofauna Scavengers = plant tissue detritus
Garden symphylans
Symphyla
Related to millipedes 3-6mm long Feed on fine roots and germinating seeds 7-8 per shovel= pest Sampling with potato
Arachnida
spider
spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions Two body segments 4 pairs of legs
Bio-bee.com
European red mite
Mites
Spruce spider mite
Jack DeAngeles
Canadian ministry ofagriculture
Spider mite
Maple Gall mite
UC Georgia
Ronald S. Kelly
Hobo??
Giant house spider??
D. Hagon
NOT a Hobo
D. Boe
NOT a Hobo
David Phillips
NOT a Hobo
Maybe a Hobo
R. Vetter
Black widow
Most poisonous spider in Oregon Less than 1% of bites result in death Dark places: wood piles, basements, garages ID characteristic: red hourglass on females False black widow: no red markings
Break time!
Beneficial insects
Lee R. 2007
Dave Ingram
Predatory mites
Denis Crawford
Neuroptera
net-wing LACEWING
Mantodea
PRAYING MANTIS
Predators!
Lance Cromwell
Simple metamorphosis - Ootheca Nymph Adult Raptorial foreleg Business of Bugs
2004 V.J.Hickey
Big eyed bug Minute pirate bug
Crab spider
Hover fly
Jack Dykinga Jack Dykinga
Pamela Martin
Hymenoptera
membrane wing
Red Planet Inc.
WASPS, BEES, SAWFLIES, ANTS Chewing, lapping Complete metamorphosis 4 membranous wings Ovipositor often modified into stinger Beneficial services:
Pollinators Parasitoids mutualism
Dan Perlman
What are these?
Parasitoid wasps
Red Planet Inc. Dwight Kuhn
What is the difference between a Parasite and parasitoid?? Parasite = host survives Parasitoid = host is killed All life stages are targeted Egg Larvae Pupae Adult Hyperparasitoidism
Pollinators: beyond honey bees
Pollination
Diptera , Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera Bats, birds Specificity
corolla structure nectar timing co-evolution?
Cheating
Visit pollination Nectar thieves
James Altland, OSU
Yoshioka et al., 2005
Diptera
Syrphid flies
Adults pollinate feed on nectar Larvae predacious 1 can consume >100 aphids per month
Go to native bee slides
Habitat: Conservation Biocontrol
Be careful with pesticides Provide alternative habitat
Shelter Pollen nectar Alternative prey
Carrot family:
Lomatium
G.D. Car 2007
Angelica
Cilantro/Coriander
Lovage
Chamomile Goldenrod
Cosmos
Tom Adams 2005
Oregon sunshine
Native seed network
Habitat:
Plant flowers try some natives Let some of your salad mix go to seed!
Flowers from mustards & cabbages beneficial
Leave beetle banks in farm fields Diverse structure
Water Hiding places
Resources!
Dont forget the resource handout!
