Module 1: Wireless Basic Concept

II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave

Connected Schools Wireless Communication Training Module I: Wireless Basic Concept

II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

General Information
Also known as Electromagnetic Radiation Important physical element that has: - Propagation Properties in the vacuum and in the matter - Matter interaction property UV, IR, X-ray One natural aspect, Two property aspects - Corpuscular -> photon - Wave -> electromagnetic radiation => One Theory linking masse moving and wavelength
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II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

What is electromagnetic radiation (1/2) ?
Electromagnetic energy = Term used to describe all the different kinds of energies released into space (ex: by stars such as the Sun) These kinds of energies include:

Radio Waves
TV waves Radar waves Heat (infrared radiation) Light Ultraviolet Light (This is what causes Sunburns) X-rays (Just like the kind you get at the doctor's office) Short waves Gamma Rays Microwaves, like in a microwave oven

N.B: - They all travel in waves, like the waves at a beach or like sound waves (are also made of tiny particles) - The fact that electromagnetic radiation travels in waves lets us measure the different kind by wavelength or how long the waves are
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II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

What is electromagnetic radiation (2/2)?
A propagating wave in space with electrical (E) and magnetic (M) components

E and M oscillate perpendicular to each other and to the direction of

the propagation (and have the same frequency)

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Connected Schools Wireless Communication Training Module I: Wireless Basic Concept

II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

Properties
1/ An electromagnetic wave is propagating in the vacuum
2/ In the vacuum the wave propagates perpendicular to the plan (formed by the E and M vectors) at a constant speed of 3.108 m/s)

3/ The propagation goes straight

N.B: When an EM passes through matter it doesnt affect its frequency but its speed and in the case of
the air the consequences are insignificant
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II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

What is a wavelength ?:
Forms of electromagnetic radiation like radio waves, light waves or infrared (heat) waves have a characteristic patterns => each wave has a certain shape and length. The distance between peaks (high points) is called wavelength.

The difference in wavelength is the way we tell different kinds of electromagnetic energy apart.

Connected Schools Wireless Communication Training Module I: Wireless Basic Concept

II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

Wavelength and Frequency

c=*f

m/s = m x 1/s

c = the speed of light (3x108 m/s) [m/s] = wavelength [m] f = frequency [1/s]
Example : An EM wave with a frequency of 5 GHz has a wavelength of 6 cm light needs 8 sec from the sun to the earth and 1.3 sec from moon to earth
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II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

Power of tens

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Connected Schools Wireless Communication Training Module I: Wireless Basic Concept

II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

Do you know how to play with units?
How much is 1000 nm in meter ?
How much is 12 Ghz in MHz ? How much is 9 nm in cm ? What is the speed of light in km/s What is the wavelength of a 2 MHz frequency in nanometer ? What is the frequency in Mhz of a 25 nm wavelength ? How much is 10 m in power of ten? And so in nm?

Connected Schools Wireless Communication Training Module I: Wireless Basic Concept

II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

Wavelength and Frequency
Exercice 1:

c=*f

c = the speed of light (3x108 m/s) = wavelength [m] f = frequency [1/s]

GSM frequencies are around 900 MHz, What is the range of the corresponding wavelength? Exercice 2: The Pre-Wimax antenna we will use have their frequency around 2.4 GHZ, what is the corresponding wavelength? Exercice 3: What are the corresponding frequencies of the following wavelength: 25 cm ; 0,05m ; 1mm ; 1 cm ; 1m ?
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II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

Polarisation, what is this?

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II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

What are Radio Waves ?
The electromagnetic spectrum

c=*f

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II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

What makes electromagnetic radiation (1/3) ?
Electromagnetic radiation is made when an atom absorbs energy. 1 The absorbed energy causes one or more electrons to change their locale within the atom. 2 When the electron returns to its original position, an electromagnetic wave

is produced.
Depending on the kind of atom and the amount of energy, this electromagnetic radiation can take the form of heat, light, ultraviolet, or other electromagnetic waves.

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II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

What makes electromagnetic radiation (2/3) ?
There are several ways of causing atoms to absorb energy:

One way is to excite the atoms with electrical energy (ex : neon). The electricity we put through the neon tubes will excite or add energy to the neon atoms. The electrons don't like to be in the high energy state and will fall back down into the low energy state giving off radiation which we see as light.

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II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

What makes electromagnetic radiation (3/3) ?
When a direct electrical current is applied to a wire the current flow builds an electromagnetic field around the wire => This field sends a wave outward from the wire. When the current is removed, the field collapses which again sends a wave. If the current is applied and removed over and over for a period of time, => a series of waves is propagated at a discrete frequency.

If the current changes polarity, or direction repeatedly, that could make waves, too.
This phenomenon is the basis of electromagnetivity and basically describes how radio waves are created within transmitters.
FYI: Other kinds of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves, are made by natural processes such as the nuclear reactions in a star.
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II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

How does reflection affects radio waves?
Radio waves almost always travel through space in a straight line. There are two exceptions : - Radio waves are pulled and turn slightly because of gravity when they pass by large masses

- Radio waves can be reflected by certain substances, like the way that light is reflected by a mirror

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II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

Reflectance is used to great advantage in designing the antennas that collect radio signals.

FYI:

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II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

Atmospheric refraction
Due to variations in the density of the atmosphere, electromagnetic radiation is refracted according to the varying refractive index with height

Variations decreases linearly with height under standard conditions. As a result, the wave gradually curves until, if the wavelength and angle are correct, the signal bends back toward the earth

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II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

Why do communications get harder at greater distances (1/2) ?
= Because a signal's strength gets weaker very quickly as distance increases.

Mathematically, it weakens by the square of the distance (d2) from the starting point.
That means that if you are twice as far away the signal is only one-fourth as strong. ex: 2 km = 0.5 dBm 4 km = 0.25 dBm This relationship is known as the inverse-square law of electromagnetic propagation. = >This is caused by how radio waves behave, they start out close to one another
Q uic kT ime e t un d c o mp r es se u r T IF F ( LZ W ) s on t re q uis po u r v is i o n ne r ce tte im ag e .

when they are first projected by the antennae, and then spread out as they get farther
from their source.
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III. What is a frequency ?

What is a decibel (1/4) ? The decibel (dB) is a measure of attenuation, gain, level of reception db = 10 log10(P2/P1) P1 is the initial power, P2 is the final power 3 dB is a decline to half of a signals original power 1/2 = 3 dB (P2 = P1/2) 1/4 = 6 db 1/8 = 9 dB

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III. What is a frequency ?

What is a decibel (2/4) ?

10 dB is a decline to one tenth of a signals original power 1/10 = 10 dB (P2 = P1/10) 1/100 = 20 dB 1/1000 = 30dB The decibel is a logarithmic scale Small increases in the number of decibels correspond to a large decrease in signal strength

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III. What is a frequency ?

What is a decibel (3/4) ?

V
1 dB = 20 log10 Vout/Vin dBV = decibel volt = 20 log10 V 1V = 10-6V 100m

dBV

10m
1m 100 10 1 100n 10n

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III. What is a frequency ?

What is a decibel (4/4) ?

W
1000 100 10

dBm

In Power:

Attention

dBm = decibel milliwatt = 10 log10 (P*103)

1 100m

Exercise: 1 Watt = ____mW = __ dBm

10mW 1mW 100 10

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II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

Why do communications get harder at greater distances (2/2)?
We are talking about
Q uic kT ime e t un d c o mp r es se u r T IF F ( LZ W ) s on t re q uis po u r v is i o n ne r ce tte im ag e .

density !!!!

The energy or intensity decreases by a factor of 14 as the distance r is doubled, or measured in dB it would decrease by 6 dB Exercise:

- If at 5 km I receive a signal at 0 dB what will it be at 25 km?

- I receive a signal at a level of 5 dB at 2km where will I receive 11 dB and -1 dB?
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II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

How is data put on radio waves (1/3) ?
There are two common ways to put information in a radio wave: - A.M that stands for Amplitude modulation - F.M that stands for Frequency Modulation It is important to know that radio waves have very regular patterns, generally they keep the same amplitude or frequency all the time. Amplitude is the "height" of the radio wave, frequency is how close the waves are to each other.

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II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

How is data put on radio waves (2/3) ?
For A.M = information is put into a radio wave by varying the amplitude

For example: if all we wanted to do was send 1's and 0's, we could have just
two different levels of amplitude = 1 being high, 0 being low.

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II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

How is data put on radio waves (3/3) ?
For F.M = This time the amplitude is kept constant, it is the frequency that is varied.

For example: if all we wanted to do was send 1's and 0's, we could have just two different
levels of amplitude = 1 being small wavelength frequencies, 0 long wavelength.

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II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

What is bandwidth ?
Bandwidth = Total range of frequency required to pass a specific signal that has been modulated to carry data without distortion or loss of data. The ideal bandwidth allows the signal to pass under conditions of maximum AM or FM adjustment : - Too narrow a bandwidth will result in loss of data.

- Too wide a bandwidth will pass excessive noise.

N.B: Transmitters and receivers have bandwidths. The "wider" the receiver's bandwidth is, the more information it can receive on different frequencies.
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II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

What problems are there besides noise?
One characteristic = Some frequencies can't pass through certain substances. Our atmosphere is made up of many different layers each made up of different substances. => Most of the electromagnetic spectrum is absorbed by our atmosphere. There are a few "windows" in our atmosphere's absorption that allow some electromagnetic radiation to get through. Some of these windows are what make it possible to see visible light and receive radio frequencies and we are rarely alone to use them!

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II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

What are EM effects?

Microwave: 2.45GHz

Main Effect at 2Ghz: Heating

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II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

How are frequency and wavelength related ?
Electromagnetic waves always travel at the same speed
C = SPEED OF LIGHT = 299 792 km per second (3 .108 m.s-1) Any electromagnetic wave's frequency multiplied by its wavelength equals the speed of light. FREQUENCY OF OSCILLATION x WAVELENGTH = SPEED OF LIGHT

Wavelength = Frequency of oscillation =

Speed of light = m.s-1/ Hz = m.s-1/ s-1 = m Frequency of oscillation Speed of light Wavelength
= m.s-1/ m = s-1 = Hz
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Connected Schools Wireless Communication Training Module I: Wireless Basic Concept

Module 1: Wireless Basic Concept

IV. What is a frequency ?

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III. What is a frequency ?

Frequency = Number of waves that pass a fixed place in a given amount of time
Example : If the time it takes for a wave

to pass is 1/100 of second,

the frequency is 100 per second = 100Hz

If it takes 1/2 second,

the frequency is 2 per second = 2 Hz

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III. What is a frequency ?

Hertz Unit
Frequency Measurement = Hertz unit

F (Hz) = 1 / T

=>1Hz = 1/S

(T is the period between peaks (high points) =period of wavelength)

From 19th-century German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz

Hertz measurement (Hz) = Number of waves that pass by per second.
For example : an "A" note on a violin string vibrates at about 440 Hz (440 vibrations per second).
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III. What is a frequency ?

Exercise
We have seen:

c f

c = 300,000 km/s, f = frequency in Hertz, = Wavelength in m

UMTS: 1900 MHz = ? cm l /4 = ? cm

Antenna =

/4
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Connected Schools Wireless Communication Training Module I: Wireless Basic Concept

III. What is a frequency ?

Panorama
3 MHz 100m 30 MHz 10m 300 MHz 1m 3 GHz 10 cm 30 GHz 1 cm Meteo radar? Military radar Satellites 300 GHz 1 mm

120 dBm 100 80 60 40 20 0

Amateurs GSM Amateurs DECT TV VHF TFTS

1GW 1MW

TV UHF Oven Tl page

1KW 1W 1mW 36

III. What is a frequency ?

Standards

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III. What is a frequency ?

Choice of Frequency (1/3): 1 The lower frequency, the further it goes
one

2 The lower frequency, the better it goes through

and around things

3 The higher frequency, the more data it can transport

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III. What is a frequency ?

Choice of Frequency (2/3):
one

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III. What is a frequency ?

Choice of Frequency (3/3):
one

Power loss is proportional to the square of the distance and proportional to the square of the frequency
FSL(dB) = 20log10(d) + 20log10(f) + K FSL= Free Space Loss d = distance f = frequency K = constant depending on the units used for d and f

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II&III. QUIZZ
QUIZZ 1:
one

Which one of those are EM energy o o o o sound wave of the sea radio wave light

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II&III. QUIZZ
QUIZZ 2:
one

How can we differenciate types of EM wave o o o o Using its frequency Its amplitude Its wavelength its name

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II&III. QUIZZ
QUIZZ 3:
one

What is changed when a EM wave passes through matter o o o o Its frequency Its amplitude Its shape Its speed

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II&III. QUIZZ
QUIZZ 4:
one

What is the speed of light

o o o o o

3.108 km/s 3.105 km/s 3.108 m/s 3.105 km/s 3.1010 cm/s

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II&III. QUIZZ
QUIZZ 5:
one

EM wave Properties in the vacuum are o o o o Different in the upper atmosphere Same as in the upper atmosphere Same as in the air (staying in the lowest atmosphere) Different as in the air (staying in the lowest atmosphere)

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II&III. QUIZZ
QUIZZ 6:
one

Short wavelength correspond to o o High frequencies Low frequencies

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II&III. QUIZZ
QUIZZ 7:
one

1 GHz is equal to o o o o o 109 Hz 106 Hz 106 kHz Giant hertz Giga hertz

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II&III. QUIZZ
QUIZZ 8:
one

When the wavelength increases the frequency decreases o o o False Wrong True

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II&III. QUIZZ
QUIZZ 9:
one

1/Could you explain me how to create an EM ?

2/ Explain me the reflection effect, how does it work ? Give me an example of one application ?

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II&III. QUIZZ
QUIZZ 10:
one

From 2 km to 16 km the power in dB o o o o Is Doubled Is multiplied by 4 Has been divided by a factor of 2 Has been divided by a factor of 4

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II&III. QUIZZ
QUIZZ 11:
one

A gain of 3dB increase the power by a factor of

o o o
And 10dB

2 4 6

o o

by 10 100
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Connected Schools Wireless Communication Training Module I: Wireless Basic Concept

Module 1: Wireless Basic Concept

IV. Propagation, Attenuation and Interference

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II. What is an Electromagnetic Wave ?

EM waves effects (2/2)

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