CONTROL STATEMENTS

August 6, 2009

If:
if (condition) statement1; else statement2;

Nested If:
if(i == 10) { if(j < 20) a = b; if(k > 100) c = d; // this if is else a = c; // associated with this } else a = d; // this else refers to if(i == 10)

else

August 6, 2009

The if-else-if Ladder: if(condition) statement; else if(condition) statement; else if(condition) statement; ... else statement;
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switch
switch (expression) { case value1: // statement sequence break; case value2: // statement sequence break; ... case valueN: // statement sequence break; default: // default statement sequence } The expression must be of type byte, short, int, or char;
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Nested switch Statements

switch(count) { case 1: switch(target) { // nested switch case 0: System.out.println("target is zero"); break; case 1: // no conflicts with outer switch System.out.println("target is one"); break; } break; case 2: // ...
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Iteration Statements
While:

while(condition) { // body of loop }

August 6, 2009

class NoBody { public static void main(String args[]) { int i, j; i = 100; j = 200; // find midpoint between i and j while(++i < --j) ; // no body in this loop System.out.println("Midpoint is " + i); } }
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do-while
do { // body of loop } while (condition);

August 6, 2009

// Using a do-while to process a menu selection class Menu { public static void main(String args[]) throws java.io.IOException { char choice; do { System.out.println("Help on:"); System.out.println(" 1. if"); System.out.println(" 2. switch"); System.out.println(" 3. while"); System.out.println(" 4. do-while"); System.out.println(" 5. for\n"); System.out.println("Choose one:"); choice = (char) System.in.read(); } while( choice < '1' || choice > '5'); System.out.println("\n");

August 6, 2009

switch(choice) { case '1': System.out.println("The if:\n"); System.out.println("if(condition) statement;"); System.out.println("else statement;"); break; case '2': System.out.println("The switch:\n"); System.out.println("switch(expression) {"); System.out.println(" case constant:"); System.out.println(" statement sequence"); System.out.println(" break;"); System.out.println(" // ..."); System.out.println("}"); break;
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case '3': System.out.println("The while:\n"); System.out.println("while(condition) statement;"); break; case '4': System.out.println("The do-while:\n"); System.out.println("do {"); System.out.println(" statement;"); System.out.println("} while (condition);"); break; case '5': System.out.println("The for:\n"); System.out.print("for(init; condition; iteration)"); System.out.println(" statement;"); break; } } }

August 6, 2009

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 Output : Help on : 1. if 2. switch 3. while 4. do while 5. for Choose one : 4 The do while : do { statement ; } while (condition) ;
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for
for(initialization; condition; iteration) { // body }

August 6, 2009

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class Comma { public static void main(String args[]) { int a, b; for(a=1, b=4; a<b; a++, b--) { System.out.println("a = " + a); System.out.println("b = " + b); } } }
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Some for Loop Variations

boolean done = false; for(int i=1; !done; i++) { // ... if(interrupted()) done = true; }

August 6, 2009

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// Parts of the for loop can be empty. class ForVar { public static void main(String args[]) { int i; boolean done = false; i = 0; for( ; !done; ) { System.out.println("i is " + i); if(i == 10) done = true; i++; } } }

August 6, 2009

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for( ; ; ) { // ... } This loop will run forever, because there is no condition under which it will terminate

Nested Loops - concept

August 6, 2009

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The For-Each version of the for loop: It is designed to cycle through a collection of objects, such as an array, in strictly sequential fashion, from start to finish. Advantage is no new keyword is required and no preexisting code is broken. Syntax for(type itr-var : collection) stmt-block The loop repeats until all elements in the collection have been obtained. int nums[ ] ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} ; int sum=0; for(int i=0; i<10;i++) sum += nums[ ] ; for ( int x : nums) sum += x ;
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Jump Statements
Using break to Exit a Loop: class BreakLoop { public static void main(String args[]) { for(int i=0; i<100; i++) { if(i == 10) break; // terminate loop if i is 10 System.out.println("i: " + i); } System.out.println("Loop complete."); } }
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 More than one break statement may appear in a loop Too many break statements have tendency to destructure your code the

The break that terminates a switch statement affects only that switch statement and not any enclosing loops
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Using break as a Form of Goto

Java defines an expanded form of the break statement By using this form of break, you can break out of one or more blocks of code The general form of the labeled break statement is : break label;
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 A label is any valid Java identifier followed by a colon

You can use a labeled break statement to exit from a set of nested blocks You cannot use break to transfer control to a block of code that does not enclose the break statement

August 6, 2009

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class Break { public static void main(String args[]) { boolean t = true; first: { second: { third: { System.out.println("Before the break."); if(t) break second; // break out of second block System.out.println("This won't execute"); } System.out.println("This won't execute"); } System.out.println("This is after second block."); } } }
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class BreakLoop4 { public static void main(String args[]) { outer: for(int i=0; i<3; i++) { System.out.print("Pass " + i + ": "); for(int j=0; j<100; j++) { if(j == 10) break outer; // exit both loops System.out.print(j + " "); } System.out.println("This will not print"); } System.out.println("Loops complete."); } }
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// This program contains an error. class BreakErr { public static void main(String args[]) { one: for(int i=0; i<3; i++) { System.out.print("Pass " + i + ": "); } for(int j=0; j<100; j++) { if(j == 10) break one; // WRONG System.out.print(j + " "); } } }
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Using continue
class Continue { public static void main(String args[]) { for(int i=0; i<10; i++) { System.out.print(i + " "); if (i%2 == 0) continue; System.out.println(""); } } }
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 As with the break statement, continue may specify a label to describe which enclosing loop to continue class ContinueLabel { public static void main(String args[]) { outer: for (int i=0; i<10; i++) { for(int j=0; j<10; j++) { if(j > i) { System.out.println(); continue outer; } //end if j)); System.out.print(" " + (i *

} /*end inner for*/ System.out.println(); } /*end main*/ }

August 6, 2009

} //end outer for

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Output:
0 01 024 0369 0 4 8 12 16 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 0 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81
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return
Used to explicitly return from a method The return statement immediately terminates the method in which it is executed class Return { public static void main(String args[]) { boolean t = true; System.out.println("Before the return."); if(t==true) return; // return to caller System.out.println("This won't execute."); }}

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return causes execution to return to the Java run-time system, since it is the run-time system that calls main( )

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