Keplers Laws of Planetary Motion
Contents
Biography of Johannes Kepler Keplers Laws of Planetary Motion Data proving Keplers
rd 3
Law
Objectives:
State Keplers Laws of Planetary
Motion Identify the importance of motion of the planets Keplers achievements on the solar system and planetary orbits Draw the solar system, showing the position of the different planets and the shape of the planets orbits.
History: Explanations of Planetary Motion
Aristotle, Plato (4th century BCE)
natural
places for things, with Earth at center of Universe. could not account for retrograde motion of planets as seen from Earth
Ptolemy (Alexandria, 100-200 CE)
geocentric epicycles (circles on circles) for motions of everything Alamagest held sway for 1400 years, modeled retrograde motion no dynamics, just a numerical fit
Copernicus (Polish monk) 1543 deathbed publication
heliocentric picture, still with epicycles to gain accuracy, no dynamics
Tycho Brahe, (1546-1601) Danish observer, nobleman, duelist, philanderer,
built greatest observatory (1570-97, no telescopes yet) wrong theory: planets revolve around Sun, but Sun revolves around Earth
Johannes Kepler (B. 1571 - 1630) German mathematician and astrologer
planetary orbits fit the 5 nested regular (perfect) solids (1596) proving that there can be only 6 planets (mysticism, wrong!) works with Tycho (1600-27), inherits his data, develops radical 3 laws of planetary motion, improves prediction accuracy 100fold derived and generalized Keplers 3 laws from his own theoretical work
Galileo Galilei (Italy, 1564-1632) Radical approach: do experiments & use math dynamics pioneer ag same for all masses kinematics + inertia (Newtons first law) invented the telescope, discovered the moons of Jupiter Copernican, persecuted by the Church
Isaac Newton (B. 1632) published the Principia (1687) invented calculus, dynamics (laws of motion), law of gravitation
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
1571/12/27 1630/11/15 German astronomer Believer in Heliocentrism mathematics teacher assistant to Tycho Brahe Kepler was appointed to be Brahes successor Famous of his laws of planetary motion
Keplers achievements
Keplers Laws of Planetary Motion Cosmographicum (Sacred Mystery of the Cosmos)
His first book to support Copernicus Including the proofs of Keplers 3rd Law
Harmony of the World
Relations with Newtons Laws of Motion
Newton combine the law of
universal gravitation with circular motion Keplers Law of Harmonies Same as Keplers 3rd Law k = 2.97 x 10-19 s2/m3 = (T2)/(R3)
Keplers
st 1
Law
The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the sun at one of the foci.
Law of Ellipses
Keplers
nd 2
Law
A line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out
equal areas during equal intervals of time.
Law of Areas
Keplers
rd 3
Law
The squares of the orbital periods of planets
are directly proportional to the cubes of the semi-major axis of the orbits. or the revolution of a planet is proportional to the 3/2
Law of Periods
T2 = 4 2 x R3 GM T2 = k R3 T = kR3/2 Where: T = period M = mass of the central body R = orbital radius G = gravitational constant = pi
Data proving Keplers
Planet
Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
rd 3
Law
Ratio
1:1 1:1 1:1 1:1 1:1 1:1 1:1 1:1
t (yr)
0.241 0.615 1 1.881 11.862 29.448 84.07 164.878
r (AU)
0.387 0.723 1 1.524 5.203 9.537 19.191 30.069
t^2
0.058 0.378 1 3.538 140.707 867.185 7067.765
r^3
0.058 0.378 1 3.54 140.852 867.432 7067.939
27184.755 27186.729
How
is Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation related to Keplers Law of Planetary Motion
NEWTON SHOWED THAT GRAVITATION HOLDS THE COSMOS TOGETHER - DERIVED KEPLERS LAWS FROM HIS LAW OF GRAVITATION -
Benefits of understanding
Astronomy
Know more about the basics of the solar system Learn how the orbits affecting Earth Provide evidences leading to another space phenomenon
Physics
Calculate the velocity and gravity between planets Understand Newtons Laws
The End
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