Learning Objectives

Understand the basic organization of the body and body fluids and what the relationship is to nutrients Understand the basic systems of the body and how nutrients are connected to these systems Compare the terms mechanical digestion and chemical digestion, and point out where these processes occur along the digestive tract. Trace the breakdown and absorption of carbohydrate, fat, and protein from the mouth to the colon. Explain how nutrients are transported and stored in the body. Know the key concepts and definitions.

The Remarkable Body

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Basic organization Body fluids Cardiovascular system The hormonal and nervous system Immune system Digestive system Excretory system

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Cells need: 3 Energy

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The Bodys Cells

Cells require nutrients Each of the bodys cells is a self-contained, living entity However, each cell depends on the rest to supply its needs (energy, oxygen, water, control systems, essential nutrients) Genes within the cells direct the cellular cooperation to support the body as a whole -direct enzymes for cellular processes -can affect how the body handles nutrients
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The Bodys Cells

All living things including cells die, and have varying rates of turnover
Some skin cells-10 days Red Blood Cells-120 days Cells lining the digestive tract-3 days Most muscle cells-only once every few years Liver cells have the ability to reproduce quickly and do so whenever repairs are necessary Certain brain cells-None 5
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The Bodys Cells

CELLS

Tissues

Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems Cells are organized into tissues

Tissues perform specialized tasks

Organs

Tissues are grouped together to form organs Several related organs working together comprise a body system
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Body Systems

The Body Fluids and the Circulatory System

Allow for exchange of materials necessary for life Body fluids supply tissues with energy, oxygen, and nutrients, including water
-Every cell draws oxygen and nutrients from those fluids -Every cell releases carbon dioxide and other waste products into the body fluids
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 The bodys main fluids are:

The Body s Circulatory Fluids

1) Blood The fluid of the cardiovascular system Blood travels within arteries, veins, and capillaries, as well as within the hearts chambers Composed of water, RBC. WBC, other foreign particles, nutrients, oxygen, etc. Delivers oxygen and nutrients, and removes wastes 2) Lymph The fluid that moves from the blood stream into tissue spaces and then travels in its own vessels Which eventually drain back into the bloodstream (Figure 3-4) Delivers nutrients and removes wastes
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The Body Fluids and the Circulatory System Extracellular fluid

Fluid surrounding cells Derived from blood in the capillaries
Flows around the outside of cells, permitting exchange of materials

Some returns to the blood by reentering capillaries The remaining fluid forms lymph

Intracellular fluid
Fluid inside cells Medium in which all cell reactions take place Its pressure helps the cells to hold their shape Is drawn from the extracellular fluid 9
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The Body Fluids and the Circulatory System

All blood circulates to the lungs picking up oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide The blood returns to the heart where the pumping heart pushes this oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body tissues As blood passes through the digestive system, blood delivers oxygen and picks up most nutrients from the intestine Exception is fats picked up by lymphatic vessels All blood leaving the digestive system is routed directly to the liver for filtering of wastes/toxins Blood passes through the kidneys removing additional waste 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth

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The Body Fluids and the Circulatory System

Ample fluid intake is needed to ensure efficient circulation of fluid to all your cells
Need sufficient oral fluid intake and healthy cardiovascular system!

Also essential are healthy red blood cells -They carry oxygen to the cells -RBC turnover is 120 days RBC production requires many essential nutrients, therefore making the blood very sensitive to malnutrition (iron, B vitamins)
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The Hormonal and Nervous Systems

Hormones-Chemical Messengers carried in the blood Chemicals secreted by glands in response to conditions in the body that require regulation Act on organs to maintain constant conditions

For example, the pancreas is an organ that plays an important role in the regulation of blood sugar When the pancreas detects a high concentration of blood glucose it releases insulin (hormone)-which moves glucose into the cells
When the pancreas detects low blood sugar levels it secretes glucagon which stimulates the liver to release glucose into 12 the bloodstream 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth

The Hormonal and Nervous Systems

What Do Hormones Have to Do with Nutrition??????

Nutrition and exercise can affect hormonal balances
People who eat high-fat diets have hormone levels that may make them susceptible to certain cancers Exercise in general impacts certain hormone levels

Hormonal systems, along with the nervous system, regulate hunger and affect appetite
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The Hormonal and Nervous Systems How Does the Nervous System Interact with Nutrition?
With the brain and spinal cord as central controllers, the nervous system receives and integrates information from sensory receptors all over the body
Which communicate to the brain the state of both the outer and inner worlds The nervous system also tells the muscles and glands what to do

The nervous systems role in hunger is coordinated by the brain

Sensations of hunger and appetite are perceived by the brains cortex
14 The part of the brain where conscious thought takes place
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Conscious thought Senses hunger and appetite but can override urge to eat

Hypothalmus-part of the brain which senses varying conditions of the blood such as temp, salt & glucose content
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The Hormonal and Nervous Systems

How Does the Nervous System Interact with Nutrition? To signal hunger, the digestive tract sends messages to the hypothalamus via hormones and nerves The signals also stimulate the stomach to intensify its contractions and secretions
Causing hunger pains and growling

When the brains cortex perceives hunger sensations you want to eat *Note: The conscious mind can override such signals!
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The Immune System

The skin presents a physical barrier to infection; our largest organ The bodys cavities are lined with membranes that resist penetration by unwanted substances and microbes
Bacteria, viruses, and other organisms invisible to the naked eye

These linings are sensitive to vitamin and other nutrient deficiencies

Health-care providers inspect both the skin and the mouth to detect signs of malnutrition
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The Immune System

Antigen
Any substance that is foreign to the body

If an antigen penetrates the bodys barriers, the immune system rushes in to defend the body
The immune system consists of tissues and organs that defend the body against antigens
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The Immune System One in every hundred human body cells is a WBC White Blood Cells of interest include:
1)Phagocytes- act as scavenger cells traveling throughout the body; act like pac man to engulf the invader 2)Lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)
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The T-cell is releasing toxic chemicals that punch holes in the cancer cell surface
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A nutritious diet supports immune system functioning!

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The Digestive System

Taste buds guide you in judging what foods are acceptable Basic chemical tastes include: Sweet-most liked by infants! Sour (aversion); protects from poison Bitter (aversion): protects from poison Salty Umami-sometimes included (oooMomee)-MSG taste A foods flavor is also affected by aroma, texture, and temperature (Do you like certain foods warm?) The enjoyment of sugars and fats encourage people to consume ample energy
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Why Do People Like Sugar, Fat, and Salt?

Sweet, salty, and fatty foods are liked Bitter and sour are often disliked
a) Resting b) Tasting water c) Tasting sugar d) Tasting sour e) Tasting bitter
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The Digestive System

The digestive system digests and absorbs the mixture of chewed and swallowed food Digest
To break molecules into smaller molecules

Absorb
The movement of nutrients into intestinal cells after digestion

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The Digestive Tract

The digestive tract is a flexible muscular tube extending from the mouth to the anus
The human body surrounds this digestive canal When you swallow something it is not inside your body until you absorb it Many things pass through the digestive tract without being absorbed
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The Digestive Tract

The digestive system:
Absorbs nutrients Absorbs some nonnutrients Leaves behind substances, such as fiber, that are excreted Two types of digestion: 1) Mechanical 2) Chemical
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The Mechanical Aspect of Digestion

Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth
Chewing shreds food into pieces small enough to swallow Adds water in the form of saliva Softens rough/sharp foods Saliva moistens and coats food making it slippery -Chewing releases nutrients trapped inside indigestible skins For example, corn kernels Once a food is mashed and moistened, there is no advantage to additional chewing
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The Mechanical Aspect of Digestion

The stomach and intestines liquefy foods
Peristalsis Wave-like muscular squeezing Begins at the esophagus and pushes food along the digestive tract

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The stomach holds food and mashes it into a fine paste Slowly food is squeezed to lower portion The stomach and intestines add water to the paste so that it becomes more fluid as it moves along (Chyme) At the base of the esophagus is a sphincter muscle -This muscle prevents reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus
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The Mechanical Aspect of Digestion Large intestine = colon

Digestion and absorption are nearly complete by the time food arrives here The colon primarily reabsorbs water and absorbs minerals Fiber and undigested materials make up the feces Fiber provides bulk against which muscles can work The rectum stores fecal material that is later excreted

Transit from mouth to rectum takes from 1 to 3 days

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The Chemical Aspect of Digestion How Do Digestive Juices Work?

Digestion begins in the mouth
An enzyme in saliva breaks down starch Another enzyme begins the digestion of fat Saliva helps maintain the teeth
It washes away food particles that would otherwise promote tooth decay It neutralizes acids produced by oral bacteria

-Protein digestion begins in the stomach and is the stomachs main function
The stomach releases gastric juice which is a mixture of water, enzymes and acid
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pH is a measure of acidity (The lower the pH the more acidic)

The acid breaks down proteins into smaller strands and then smaller pieces for digestion
The digestive tract is protected from the acid by mucus

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The Chemical Aspect of Digestion

Most digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine
Hormonal messengers stimulate the gall bladder to release bile into the intestine
Bile is produced by the liver and is an emulsifier
A compound that attracts fats into water

Hormonal messengers stimulate the pancreas to release pancreatic juice

Containing both enzymes and bicarbonate
Bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid which has reached the small intestine
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The Chemical Aspect of Digestion

As pancreatic and intestinal enzymes break down nutrients, small pieces are released into intestinal fluids Eventually pieces are small enough to allow for nutrient absorption At this point only water, fiber, and some mineral remain in the digestive tract

Certain fibers cannot be digested by human enzymes

These fibers are often digested by bacteria living in the human digestive tract
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Good Summary to know!

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The Chemical Aspect of Digestion

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The Chemical Aspect of Digestion

In the Small Intestine: -Some sugars are absorbed almost as soon as they enter the small intestine
Liver bile may emulsify fat Pancreatic enzymes break down fat, protein, and starch Cells of the small intestine produce enzymes that complete chemical breakdown

-Small chemical fragments are then absorbed into blood and lymph via the cells of the small intestines wall
Vitamins and minerals are also absorbed
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The Chemical Aspect of Digestion

In the Large Intestine (Colon): fiber fragments, fluid, some minerals are absorbed in the large intestine
Fibers are partly digested by bacteria in the colon
Some of these products are absorbed

Most fiber is not absorbed and, along with other components, is excreted as feces

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Absorption and Transportation of Nutrients

The body cells await the delivery of the absorbed nutrients Cells of the intestinal tract absorb nutrients and deposit them in the blood and lymph

Villi and microvilli increase the absorbing surface of the small intestine.
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The Chemical Aspect of Digestion

The digestive systems cells are sensitive to a lack of energy, nutrients, or dietary fiber
Severe undernutrition can cause the absorptive surface of the small intestine to shrink Without fiber the digestive tracts muscles become weak from lack of exercise Malnutrition itself impairs digestion and thus becomes self-perpetuating
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The Excretory System

Elimination of cells wastes Carbon dioxide leaves via the lungs Other wastes processed by the liver leave with feces OR Other wastes processed by kidneys leave with urine Kidneys remove waste and water adjust bloods composition kidney function regulated by hormones
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Storage Systems
Bodys major storage sites for nutrients are: Liver Muscles Fat cells Nutrients from the digestive system arrive at the liver Liver processes nutrients
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When I Eat More Than My Body Needs, What Happens to the Extra Nutrients?
Excess nutrients are converted to:
1)Glycogen (a carbohydrate)Stored as liver glycogen or muscle glycogen
2)Fat-Stored in adipose tissue

Quantities vary depending on the nutrient

Some vitamins stored in the liver and fat Calcium and other minerals in bones Fat tissue
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Conclusion
Other body systems:
Bones Muscles Reproductive Etc. All body systems have to be supplied with nutrients from the outside through a humans conscious food choices!

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Controversy: Alcohol and Nutrition: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?

Alcohol is: An energy-yielding substance - 7 calories per gram Alcohol promotes fat storage in the abdominal area the beer belly A psychoactive drug A toxin to the body
Social drinkers-choose alcohol over other beverages in social settings Problem drinkers-the effect of alcohol is overwhelmingly negative
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Moderation
No more than 1 drink a day for the average woman No more than 2 drinks a day for the average male Tolerance differs among individuals
Women have lower tolerance than men Asians and Native Americans have lower tolerance than average

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Binge Drinking
At least four drinks in a row for women and five drinks in a row for men

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What Is Alcohol?
Class of chemicals whose names end in -ol Alcohols easily penetrate the cells outer lipid membrane Denature proteins and kill cells once inside them Useful disinfectants and antiseptics The alcohol of alcoholic beverages is ethanol

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What Is A Drink?

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Alcohol Enters the Body

Requires no digestion - stomach blood brain High does vomiting. Drunk slowly no vomiting How to avoid intoxication -drink slowly, eat food with drinks, dilute drinks with ice, alternate non-alcoholic beverages with alcoholic beverages

Diuretic effect Depresses brains production of antidiuretic hormone Water and minerals are lost 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth

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Alcohol Arrives in the Brain

See Table C3-6 Average doses and average blood levels See Table C3-7 Blood alcohol levels and brain responses Drinking slowly- after absorption, alcohol will be collected by the liver and processed without much effect on the rest of the body. If a person drinks more rapidly, alcohol bypasses the liver and flows to directly to the brain. 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth

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Alcohol Arrives in the Liver

The liver cells make the largest share of the bodys alcohol-processing machinery Liver detoxifies alcohol with enzymes Body takes about 1.5 hours to metabolize one drink Depends on many factors Only the liver can dispose of significant amounts of alcohol

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Alcohol Affects Body Functions

Upon exposure to alcohol, the liver speeds up its synthesis of fatty acids.

left, normal liver, center, fatty liver, right, cirrhosis

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The Hangover
Caused by: 1)toxic effects of congeners that accompany alcohol in drinks 2)dehydration of the brain 3)formaldehyde accumulation in the brain

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Some of Alcohols Long-Term Effects

Devastating to a fetus (see ch. 13) Cirrhosis develops after 10 to 20 years of heavy drinking Bladder, kidney, pancreas, and prostate damage Bone deterioration and osteoporosis Brain disease, CNS damage, strokes Disease of heart muscles Impaired immune response Impaired memory and balance Increased risk of death from all causes Malnutrition Nonviral hepatitis Severe psychological depression Skin rashes and sores Ulcers and inflammation of the stomach and intestines
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Alcohols Effect on Nutrition

Alcohol does damage indirectly via malnutrition
Displaces foods Provides empty calories Disrupts tissues metabolism of nutrients Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Pellagra, beriberi, scurvy, protein-energy malnutrition

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Does Moderate Alcohol Use Benefit Health?

Alcohol and heart disease The health effects of wine Alcohol affects the appetite Controversial! Moderation is key!

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