Chapter 5
Straightness Measurement
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How many kinds of Straightness Tolerance Specifications are there?
What are they?
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Interpret the geometric requirements of a,b & c
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Straightness of surface elements callouts point directly to the surface in a view on the drawing that will show the direction of surface straightness control.
Straightness of an axis callouts are always next to the size tolerance of the part and have the diameter symbol in the feature control frame.
The diameter symbol clarifies that the tolerance zone for straightness of an axis is a cylinder.
Straightness of a centerplane (for noncylindrical parts) will also be called out typically under the size tolerance for the part.
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Difference between Axis Straightness & Element Straightness
(d) Is it possible to have the surface elements straight with the axis bent? (e) Conclusion?
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Straightness of surface elements applications include functional applications where barrel- shaped, hourglass-shaped, or bowed surface elements of a diameter (or surface) must be controlled
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Interpret the geometric control requirement Sketch how will you check the straightness Story on Inspection
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Straightness is a unidirectional control. When applied to the surface of a noncylindrical part, it will not control flatness. Straightness, in this case, will only control the line elements of the part surface in one direction
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Interpret the geometric tolerance requirement
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Inspection of the part requires that the surface elements of the part be compared to an imaginary optimum line.
Straightness of surface elements (unlike certain straightness of an axis or centerplane applications to follow) cannot be gaged; it must be inspected.
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Place the precision parallel over the jackscrews with two jacks at one end and one at the other. Place the part in a vee block and then the vee block on top of the parallel
Establishing zero on part surface at one end
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Indicator traversed along the surface elements of shaft (at TDC) for straightness error measurement
Rotate the part in the V block and repeat this procedure on another line element of the shaft. It is recommended that at least four line elements 14 (900 apart) be inspected
Can there be an easier method to check straightness of surface elements of a cylindrical part?
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A Precision straightedge used to check straightness of surface elements when tolerances 16 are .(?)
Straightedge method of checking for straightness of noncylindrical parts?
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Measurement of Straightness of surface elements by Two Block Method
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Where should the probe touch the part?
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Cf. V-Block Method Vs Two Block Method
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Which is the most direct & accurate method to check for straightness of surface elements of a cylindrical part?
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Measurement Accuracy = f (X, LC of table) Is there any limitation for this method?
On noncylindrical parts optical comparator cannot be used visually since a line element of the noncylindrical surface cannot be seen. A comparator could be used for straightness of surface elements on a noncylindrical part if the comparator were equipped with (1) a tracer element with a reticle follower shown on screen, and (2) an overlay that has two lines that are the straightness tolerance apart (accounting for the magnification power of the comparator). In this manner, the tracer could follow a line element of the part surface and the reticle follower could be viewed on the comparator screen with respect to the two lines of tolerance on the overlay.
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Methods for checking Straightness of Surface elements of conical parts: Precision Straightedge Wobble plate, Sinebar & Vee block Jackscrews?
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Interpret the design requirement by a magnified sketch
* RFS?
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Interpret geometric tolerance requirement (Difference?)
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Interpret geometric tolerance requirement
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Design a functional ring Gauge to inspect the part
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Functional gaging is allowed in cases when features of size are controlled with a geometric tolerance at MMC. When MMC is stated in the feature control frame, bonus tolerances on the control applied can be used as the actual size of the controlled feature departs from its MMC size toward LMC
The reason that bonus tolerances are allowed is that the virtual condition (or worst case allowed) never changes.
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Locating the highest spot
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Axis Straightness by Differential Method
Measurement of axial locations or form at RFS is a complicated procedure in open setup (or any setup for that matter). The most significant limitations to the differential method are the following:
1. Out of roundness of the shaft can contribute to error in the results. 2. The observer must be able to graph line elements and interpret the differential values of opposing elements.
3. The differential method is very time consuming.
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Axis Straightness by Precision Spindle Method
How Precise can the spindle rotation be?
Draw the end view of the part
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Draw the end view of the part
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Draw the end view of the part
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Draw the end view of the part
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Design a functional gauge to check this part
In addition use a gap gauge also to check thickness
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Simulating a Functional Gage for Straightness of Centerplane at MMC
Interpret the geometric tolerance requirement
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RFS
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Straightness of a Centerplane: Differential Measurement Method
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Interpret the geometric tolerance requirement
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Key facts: Straightness of surface elements:
1. Datum references are not applicable to any straightness tolerances. 2. The tolerance zone for straightness of surface elements is two parallel lines the stated tolerance apart. 3. Permissible error in the straightness of surface elements is not additive to size tolerances. (The straightness tolerance must be less than the associated size tolerance) The maximum boundary of perfect form at MMC must not be violated. The worstcase condition (virtual condition) of a size feature, in this case, is the MMC size. 4. Straightness of surface elements applied to the surface of a noncylindrical part does not control flatness of the surface. The tolerance is unidirectional.
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Key facts: straightness of an axis:
1. The tolerance zone for straightness of an axis is a cylinder of the specified diameter.The diameter symbol precedes the tolerance in the feature control frame. 2. Straightness of an axis (at MMC) is the only form tolerance where bonus tolerances can be applied.
3. Straightness of an axis does not control surface elements, but straightness of surface elements does provide inherent control of the axis. 4. Straightness of an axis at MMC allows the option for functional gage design and use
5.Straightness of an axis tolerance per unit length is identified by a double feature control frame where the axial straightness tolerance of the entire part is shown above and the per unit length tolerance is shown below (along with the unit length applicable)
Key facts: Straightness of a centerplane:
1. The tolerance zone for straightness of a centerplane is two planes the stated tolerance apart 2. For straightness of a centerplane tolerance, the boundary of perfect form at MMC does not apply (to the extent of the straightness tolerance) 3. Straightness of a centerplane at MMC allows the option of functional gage design and use
Did we meet our objectives?
Upon completion of this chapter, the reader should be able to: 1. Understand the difference between straightness of surface elements, straightness of axis, and straightness of center plane 2. Understand the various tolerance zones for each straightness tolerance
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Did we meet our objectives?
3. Measure straightness tolerances using direct or differential measurement methods 4. Understand the virtual condition and functional gaging of certain straightness tolerances
5. Understand and measure straightness per unit length
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Questions & Answers on Straightness Measurement
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5.1
It is possible for a part to have a diameter where the surface elements are crooked, but the axis is perfectly straight. True or False?
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5.1
It is possible for a part to have a diameter where the surface elements are crooked, but the axis is perfectly straight. True
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5.2 Keeping the general rules of ANSI Y14.5 in mind, what is the virtual size of a shaft that has a size tolerance of .750" to .755" diameter and a straightness of surface elements tolerance of .002"?
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5.2 Keeping the general rules of ANSI Y14.5 in mind, what is the virtual size of a shaft that has a size tolerance of .750" to .755" diameter and a straightness of surface elements tolerance of .002"? Answer: 0.755
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5.3 The tolerance zone for straightness of surface elements of a cylindrical size feature is two perfectly parallel ---------------------------------- the stated tolerance apart.
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5.3 The tolerance zone for straightness of surface elements of a cylindrical size feature is two perfectly parallel lines the stated tolerance apart.
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5.4 The tolerance zone for straightness of an axis is a ------------------------------------------
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5.4 The tolerance zone for straightness of an axis is a cylinder
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5. 5.5 The tolerance zone for straightness of a centerplane is -----------------------------------------
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5. 5.5 The tolerance zone for straightness of a centerplane is two parallel planes
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5. 5.6 The diameter of a shaft has a size tolerance of. 750" to .760" and a straightness of axis tolerance of .005" diameter. What is the virtual condition of the shaft?
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5. 5.6 The diameter of a shaft has a size tolerance of. 750" to .760" and a straightness of axis tolerance of .005" diameter. What is the virtual condition of the shaft? Answer: 0.765
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5.7 If the shaft in Question 6 had an actual diameter of. 754" and the axis were out of straightness by exactly .002", what is the actual virtual size of the shaft?
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5.7 If the shaft in Question 6 had an actual diameter of. 754" and the axis were out of straightness by exactly .002", what is the actual virtual size of the shaft? 0.756
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5.8 When using two jackscrews to inspect straightness of surface elements, the jackscrews help the observer to establish the optimum ------------------------------------------ for measurement.
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5.8 When using two jackscrews to inspect straightness of surface elements, the jackscrews help the observer to establish the optimum line for measurement.
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5.9 The most effective methods for measuring straightness of an axis (regardless of feature size) use ----------------------------------measurements to track the axis.
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5.9 The most effective methods for measuring straightness of an axis (regardless of feature size) use differential measurements to track the axis.
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5.10 When the surface elements of a cylindrical feature are being controlled, an optical comparator can be used to measure surface element straightness. True or False?
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5.10 When the surface elements of a cylindrical feature are being controlled, an optical comparator can be used to measure surface element straightness. True
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5.11 A noncylindrical part must be functionally gaged for straightness of its centerplane at MMC. A hard gage could be used, but cost is a problem. Can the observer use surface plate accessories (such as gage blocks or precision parallels) to set up a virtual boundary for worst-case gaging of the part? Yes or No?
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5.11 A noncylindrical part must be functionally gaged for straightness of its centerplane at MMC. A hard gage could be used, but cost is a problem. Can the observer use surface plate accessories (such as gage blocks or precision parallels) to set up a virtual boundary for worst-case gaging of the part? Yes
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5.12 A shaft has a size tolerance of .500" to .505" and a straightness of axis tolerance of .002" at MMC. A functional ring gage design has been chosen for the functional gage. What is the nominal size of the hole in the gage (before allowing for gage-makers' tolerance and wear allowance) to functionally gage this part?
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5.12 A shaft has a size tolerance of .500" to .505" and a straightness of axis tolerance of .002" at MMC. A functional ring gage design has been chosen for the functional gage. What is the nominal size of the hole in the gage (before allowing for gage-makers' tolerance and wear allowance) to functionally gage this part?
0.507
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5.13 When straightness of surface elements tolerance is applied to surfaces of noncylindrical parts,the straightness tolerance only applies in the direction shown by the drawing. True or False?
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5.13 When straightness of surface elements tolerance is applied to surfaces of noncylindrical parts,the straightness tolerance only applies in the direction shown by the drawing. True
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5.14 With looser straightness of surface element tolerances, feeler wire and a precision straight can be used to measure straightness error. True / False
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5.14 With looser straightness of surface element tolerances, feeler wire and a precision straight can be used to measure straightness error. True
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5.15 Straightness of an axis per unit length establishes two different straightness tolerance zones that apply to the part. One zone is for the straightness of the entire length of the axis. Another zone applies to the straightness of each specified length of the axis. True or False?
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5.15 Straightness of an axis per unit length establishes two different straightness tolerance zones that apply to the part. One zone is for the straightness of the entire length of the axis. Another zone applies to the straightness of each specified length of the axis. True or False?
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Thank You
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