LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND ITS APPLICATIONS
SIDDHANT MATHUR H12051 SONEE KANCHAN DAS H12052 SUJOY DAS H12053 SULAGNA CHAKRABORTY H12054 GROUP 11 SEC A HRM 2012-2014 SUNNY PAUL PURKAYASTHA H12055
WHAT IS LCA ?
Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential
environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle.
This establishes an environmental profile of the system ISO (International Organization for Standardization ensures that an LCA is
completed in a certain way
Has its beginnings in the 1960s In early 1980s, interest in comprehensive studies waned because of the oil crisis LCA standards in the ISO 14000 series
In 1969, researcher s initiated an internal study for The CocaCola Company
When solid waste became a worldwide issue in 1988, LCA emerged as a analyzing
STEPS IN LCA
Goal Definition and Scoping
Life Cycle Inventory
Impact Assessment
Interpretation
GOAL AND SCOPE AN EXAMPLE (1/2) ISO 14041
Goal = Compare 2 writing utensils for classroom use.
Scope: Wooden Pencil ; Process Flow Diagram
T Lumber Forest/ Lumber Mill T Rubber T Sharpening T Manufacture T Retailer T Use T End of Life
Graphite
T Packaging T Brass
GOAL AND SCOPE AN EXAMPLE (2/2)
Goal = Compare 2 writing utensils for classroom use.
Scope: Mechanical Pencil ; Process Flow Diagram
T Oil PE / PP T Manufacture T Retailer T Use T End of Life
T Rubber T
Graphite
T Packaging T Spring
STEPS IN LCA
Goal Definition and Scoping
Life Cycle Inventory
Impact Assessment
Interpretation
LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY ISO 14042
1. Quantify
3. List
2. Assist
STEPS IN LCA
Goal Definition and Scoping
Life Cycle Inventory
Impact Assessment
Interpretation
LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA) ISO 14043
Definition The Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) phase of an LCA is the evaluation of potential human health and environmental impacts of the environmental resources.
Applications Ecological, human health effects and resource depletion. Linkage between the product/process and its potential environmental impacts. Suitable for relative comparisons of the potential to cause human or environmental damage It is not an indicator of absolute risk or actual damage
STEPS IN LCA
Goal Definition and Scoping
Life Cycle Inventory
Impact Assessment
Interpretation
LIFE CYCLE INTERPRETATION ISO 14044
Systematic technique to identify, quantify, check, and evaluate information
from the results of the life cycle inventory and/or the life cycle impact assessment.
The results from the inventory analysis and impact assessment are
summarized during the interpretation phase.
. Identification of significant issues based on the results of the LCI and LCIA phases of an LCA
Evaluation
of the study consistency checks; and
considering
completeness,
sensitivity
and
Conclusions, limitations , reporting and recommendations.
BENEFITS/LIMITATIONS OF CONDUCTING AN LCA
BENEFITS
Helps
LIMITATIONS
of
Performing LCA can be time and
in selection product/process/service
Identifies
the transfer of environmental impacts from one media to another offs associated with products
Analyze the environmental trade Assess the human and ecological
effects of material consumption and environmental releases
resource intensive Gathering data and availability of data can greatly impact the accuracy of results LCA Should be used as one component of a more comprehensive decision process
STRATEGIC ADVANTAGES OF CONDUCTING LCA
Project development and improvement. Strategic planning and Public policy making.
Marketing and eco-declarations.
To help the brand measure and understand the GHG emissions related to its product portfolio
To identify opportunities to manage GHG emissions
Influence managed reductions elsewhere in the product lifecycles, and
Assess the impact of the brands innovation and portfolio strategies on its GHG footprint.
EXAMPLE 1: FAST LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF SYNTHETIC CHEMISTRY (FLASC) TOOL : UTILIZED BY GSK
FAST LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF SYNTHETIC CHEMISTRY (FLASC) TOOL
BACKGROUND, NEED AND SCOPE
A clear want for developing
a metrics that determines and
benchmarks the greenness or relative sustainability of synthetic processes for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) so that companies know which substance is relatively less harmful in the long run
Metrics should facilitate more informed and sustainable
business choices
Detailed environmental data are not available at an early
stage during R&D
FLSCA AND ITS USE BY GSK
FLASC (Fast Life cycle Assessment of Synthetic Chemistry) is a web-based tool which gives
concise and simple methodologies to scientists and engineers
It facilitates selection of better materials, greener chemistries and resources after comparing
the greenness of the processes / materials
FLASC was developed from a detailed assessment of the cradle-to-grave life cycle
environmental impacts associated with the manufacture of materials used in a typical pharmaceutical process
It helps GSK by making decisions in the preliminary stage of the R&D process, when
environmental, safety and health data is very limited
EXAMPLE 2: A PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY IN FABRIC PRODUCTION BY LEVI STRAUSS AND CO.
A PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY IN FABRIC PRODUCTION BY LEVI STRAUSS AND CO.
BACKGROUND, NEED AND SCOPE
In 2006, Levis was facing problems in the following areas:-
Environmental compliance programs
Supplier Code of Conduct program Global Effluent Guideline program Need for a credible, science-based method for measuring the full
environmental impact of the various products so that Levis could identify the set of priorities for our environmental work going forward
By taking a product-lifecycle approach to their work, they were able to
develop a set of strategies to address the greatest impacts of our business on the environment
LIFE CYCLE OF A COTTON JEANS
LEVIS 501 JEANS CLIMATE CHANGE
For the studied Levis 501 jeans (cradle to grave), the climate-change impact was highest at the consumer-use phase (58%)
LEVIS 501 JEANS CLIMATE CHANGE
Levis campus with the optimum water temperature (generally 20 C) and the
optimum machine type (generally side loaded) for its various jeans and other products
Levis estimated that reducing the number of washes of your jeans from 52 to 24
in an year can decrease climate change impact by 48 %, amount of energy used by about 40 % and can save around 1223.3 litres of water
Levi Strauss & Co. partnered with the Proctor & Gamble, makers of Tide
Coldwater to Save Energy and to co-promote their Signature by Levi Strauss & Co. jeans in Wal-mart stores
Product care labels
UNILEVER
ESTIMATING THE GREEN-HOUSE GAS FOOTPRINT OF KNORR
The worlds first life cycle GHG assessment at brands product portfolio level
The meta-product approach. Up to 16 product types or meta-products were assessed in each geographical region, with a total of 36 meta-products assessed globally. Then, the Knorr GHG footprint was derived by multiplying the impacts calculated per tonne of each product type with the sales volumes in 2007 Data for ingredients and processing technologies were gathered from the literature and suppliers
Data from Knorr factories were used for the manufacturing stage.
Aggregating the results for individual meta-products with their production volumes, the global Knorr brand GHG footprint in 2007 was estimated to be in the region of 35 million tonnes CO2e/annum (95% confidence interval)
WATER FOOTPRINT
Pilot studies on Unilever tea and margarine (not shown here) were amongst the first water footprints of
consumer products Estimation of water used to produce Unilevers raw materials Using WFN Water-Stat Use of Quantis database/ Modeling tool an exhaustive water database created in partnership with Ecoinvent, leading supplier of Life Cycle Assessment data, and several partner companies.
NESTLE WATERS
LCA APPROACH
The Global Environmental Footprint (GEF) tool was developed in 2008 for
Nestl Waters by RDC-Environment to carry out Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) with a multi-environmental criteria approach
Both the tool and the methodology associated with it underwent a critical
review by a panel of international LCA experts.
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as well as water and energy consumption are
calculated using methods that meet the recommendations of the GHG Protocol :
ISO 14064-1 (GHG accounting and verification) ISO 14040-44 (LCA) quality standards.
* GHG emissions are calculated in grams of CO2 equivalent (eq).
BOTTLED WATER LIFECYCLE
PackagingExtraction & Transportation of raw materials Supply of packaging to Nestle Water Factories Manufacturing Transformation into bottles Product bottling Conditioning with secondary packaging material Storage until transportation DistributionTransportation & Storage at Wholesalers &Points-of-Sale Transportation from Retail to Consumer Destination Storage ( in cooling device) & Consumption Consumer disposal of empty packaging
BOTTLED WATER FOOTPRINT
PACKAGING
MANUFACTURING
DISTRIBUTION
CASE 5: LIFECYCLE ASSESSMENT OF XEROX SOLID INK MULTIFUNCTION PRINTER
TOTAL LIFETIME ENERGY INVESTMENT AND GLOBAL WARMING IMPACT
LCA of a 50 ppm solid ink multifunction printer in comparison to a 51 ppm laser
multifunction printer under similar operating conditions.
Solid ink multifunction printer studied exhibited 9% lower life cycle Cumulative Energy
Demand and 10% lower Global warming potential than the laser multifunction printer.
Color laser multifunction printers typically include replaceable parts and supplies such as
toner cartridges and waste toner bottles.
In the solid ink multifunction printer, the drum maintenance unit is the only replaceable
item. All remaining parts are designed to last the lifetime of the device.
IMPACT ASSESSMENT
RESULTS OF THE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE DERIVED
Solid ink technology produces up to 90% less post-consumer waste, and
requires fewer replacement parts and supplies than laser technology.
This implies that the solid ink multifunction printer uses less energy and materials
over the life cycle, and producing less waste in the customer environment.
For the organization, it implies direct reduction in manufacturing costs. For the customer, it means lesser spending on purchasing supplies and replacing
various parts over the lifecycle of the multifunction printer, making it a preferred product.
Also, this has direct implications on gaining customer share in near future as
customers become more aware of the difference in wastage caused and environmental impact.
CASE 5: LIFECYCLE ASSESSMENT OF DAIMLER
LCA: INTEGRAL PART OF DAIMLERS DFE
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT: VEHICLE LEVEL (S400 HYBRID VERSUS S350 )
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT: SYSTEM LEVEL (SMART ELECTRIC DRIVE VERSUS GASOLINE)
LCA: COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE DERIVED
Areas of application for LCA in the automotive industry Internal use of LCA as an instrument for environmentally oriented product and process
development
Publication of Life Cycle Assessments to document process related environmental
performance
Joint automotive industry studies and/or (funded) LCA-projects about questions of general
interest
Basic rules for LCA in the automotive industry All LCA studies shall be based on ISO 14040/44 and be complemented by full stakeholder
involvement.
European Automobile Manufacturers' Association(ACEA) recommends that only globally
accepted indicators are included in impact assessments.
REFERENCES
Life
Cycle Assessment : Principles Applications International Corporation
and
Practice,
Scientific
Life Cycle Assessment of the Industrial use of Expanded Polystyrene
Packaging in Europe, European manufacturers of Expanded Polystyrene
http://www.scienceinthebox.com/ Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Aluminum Beverage Cans,
Aluminum Association, Inc. Washington, D.C.
Life Cycle Assessments of Energy from Solid Waste, Finnveden,
Gran et. Al
LCA Performed by companies from their respective sites
THANK YOU!
