MEMBRANE
CARBOHYDRATE
SWEET MYSTERY OF LIFE……..
Carbohydrates
• Polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone
• Most abundant biomolecules on
earth.
• Photosynthesis fixes 100 billion ton
of CO2 and
H2O into Carbohydrate annually
• Source of energy via Glycolysis,
Krebs cycle
• Insoluble carbohydrate serve as
CARBOHYDRATE
STRUCTURAL GLYCOCONJUGATE OR
CARBOHYDRATE MEMBRANE CARBOHYDRATE
e.g. Cellulose, Chitin STORAGE e.g. Glycolipid, Glycoprotein
etc. CARBOHYDRATE etc.
e.g. Starch, Glycogen
etc.
MEMBRANE
CARBOHYDRATE
• Bound to membrane via
lipid or protein
• Present on both side but
can vary
e.g. glycolipid generally present
on outer half membrane
but glycoprotein on both the
side.
• Concentration vary with
membrane to membrane
• Serve as destination labels for
proteins
• Mediators of specific cell to cell
interaction
BASED ON THE
CONJUGATE
LIPO-
GLYCOLIPID
GLYCOPROTEIN PROTEOGLYCAN -POLYSACCHARIDE
GLYCOPROTEIN
• Oligosaccharides of
varying complexity
joined to protein
• Present on the outer
face of plasma
membrane, golgi
complex, lysosome,
secretory granule
• Sugar portion less
monotonous than
glycosamine of
proteoglycan
• Rich in information,
highly specific sites for
recognition
• High-affinity binding
PROTEOGLYCAN
• Glycosaminoglycan
covalently bound
to membrane
protein
•
Glycosaminoglycan
moiety
predominates the
proteoglycan
• Biological activity
is due to
glycosamine
moiety
GLYCOLIPID
• membrane lipids with
hydrophilic end are
oligosaccharide
• Generally present on
outer side of
membrane
• Oligosaccharide motif
is smaller but very
diverse with cell to
cell.
• Responsible for
Human blood group
type A, B, AB & O
e.g. Ganglioside,
Digalactosyldiglycerid
e etc.
LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE
• As glycolipid are
absent in bacteria(-
ve), it is there
• Sugar motif is
larger than lipid
• Act as endotoxin
• responsible for
immune response
in human
FUNCTION OF MEMBRANE
CARBOHYDRATAES
Functions in cell - cell recognition-
glycoprotein serve as identification tags that are specifically recognized by other cells.
Mechanism through which cell recognizes other cells.
cell surface contain both glycosyl transferase & their oligosaccharide substrate
binding of each other’s oligosaccharide to glycosyl transferase result in adhesion,
important in cell sorting and organization in tissue and organ development
important for recognition and rejection of foreign cells by the immune system
(give a “fingerprint” -tissue rejection)
Some adhesion between cells in the reception of signal molecules
give rise to A, B, and O blood groups
because of glycolipid present on the RBC
GLYCOPROTEIN:- Cell Receptor as point of
attachment for other cells, toxin, virus,
hormone and many other molecule
CONCLUSION
• A great majority of proteins and many of lipids are glycosylated. Many of their
structures are to be revealed and their distinct function understood.
• Information embedded in oligosaccharide structure, decoded by specific receptors
mediate many vital biological processes.
• Impaired glycosylaton may cause diseases and be disease specific.
• Surface oligosaccharides show antigenic properties and are receptor specific.
• Sugar structure change during development and ageing, as well as in response to
environmental factors.
• Understanding glycobiology will help understanding and treating diseases.
REFERENCE:-
• Robert K. Murray, Daryl K. Granner & Victor W. Rodwell: "Harper's
Illustrated Biochemistry 27th Ed.", p. 526, McGraw-Hill, 2006
• Biochemistry 5thE 11.3. Carbohydrates Can Be Attached to Proteins to Form
Glycoproteins
• Molecular Biology of the Cell (3rd Edition). Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, Raff
M, Roberts K, Watson JD. Garland Publishing
• Rittig MG et al (2004). "Smooth and rough lipopolysaccharide phenotypes of
Brucella induce different intracellular trafficking and cytokine/chemokine
release in human monocytes". Journal of Leukocyte Biology 5 (4): 196–200.
PMID 12960272
• Netea M et al (2002). "Does the shape of lipid A determine the interaction of
LPS with Toll-like receptors?". Trends Immunol 23 (3): 135–9. doi:
10.1016/S1471-4906(01)02169-X. PMID 11864841
• WWW.PUBMEDCENTRAL.GOV
• WWW.SCIENCEDIRECT.COM
• www. journalseek.net/cgi-
bin/journalseek/journalsearch.cgi?field=issn&query=0282-0080
Thank you
