CSE 142, Spring 2013

Chapter 1 Lecture 1-2: Static Methods reading: 1.4 - 1.5

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Recall: structure, syntax

public class name { public static void main(String[] args) { statement; statement; method: a named group ... of statements statement; } } statement: a command to be executed class: a program

Every executable Java program consists of a class,

that contains a method named main,

that contains the statements (commands) to be executed.

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Comments
comment: A note written in source code by the

programmer to describe or clarify the code.

Comments are not executed when your program runs.

Syntax:
// comment text, on one line or, /* comment text; may span multiple lines */

Examples: // This is a one-line comment.

/* This is a very long multi-line comment. */

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Comments example
/* Suzy Student, CSE 142, Fall 2019 Displays lyrics*/ public class Lyrics { public static void main(String[] args) { // first line System.out.println("When I first got into magic"); System.out.println("it was an underground phenomenon"); System.out.println(); // second line System.out.println("Now everybody's like"); System.out.println("pick a card, any card"); } }

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Static methods
reading: 1.4

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Algorithms
algorithm: A list of steps for solving a problem. Example algorithm: "Bake sugar cookies" Mix the dry ingredients. Cream the butter and sugar. Beat in the eggs. Stir in the dry ingredients. Set the oven temperature. Set the timer for 10 minutes. Place the cookies into the oven. Allow the cookies to bake. Spread frosting and sprinkles onto the cookies. ...
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Problems with algorithms

lack of structure: Many steps; tough to follow. redundancy: Consider making a double batch...
Mix the dry ingredients. Cream the butter and sugar. Beat in the eggs. Stir in the dry ingredients. Set the oven temperature. Set the timer for 10 minutes. Place the first batch of cookies into the oven. Allow the cookies to bake. Set the timer for 10 minutes. Place the second batch of cookies into the oven. Allow the cookies to bake. Mix ingredients for frosting. ...
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Structured algorithms
structured algorithm: Split into coherent tasks.
1 Make the batter. Mix the dry ingredients. Cream the butter and sugar. Beat in the eggs. Stir in the dry ingredients. 2 Bake the cookies. Set the oven temperature. Set the timer for 10 minutes. Place the cookies into the oven. Allow the cookies to bake. 3 Decorate the cookies. Mix the ingredients for the frosting. Spread frosting and sprinkles onto the cookies. ...
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Removing redundancy
A well-structured algorithm can describe repeated tasks

with less redundancy.

1 Make the cookie batter. Mix the dry ingredients. ... 2a Bake the cookies (first batch). Set the oven temperature. Set the timer for 10 minutes. ... 2b Bake the cookies (second batch). Repeat Step 2a 3 Decorate the cookies. ...
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Static methods
static method: A named group of statements.

denotes the structure of a program eliminates redundancy by code reuse

class method A statement statement statement method B statement statement method C statement statement statement
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procedural decomposition:

dividing a problem into methods

Writing a static method is like

adding a new command to Java.

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Declaring a method
Gives your method a name so it can be executed
Syntax:
public static void name() { statement; statement; ... statement; }

Example:
public static void printWarning() {
System.out.println("This product causes cancer"); System.out.println("in lab rats and humans.");

}
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Calling a method
Executes the method's code
Syntax:
name();
You can call the same method many times if you like.

Example:
printWarning();
Output:

This product causes cancer in lab rats and humans.

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Using static methods

1. Design (think about) the algorithm.
Look at the structure, and which commands are repeated. Decide what are the important overall tasks.

2. Declare (write down) the methods.

Arrange statements into groups and give each group a name.

3. Call (run) the methods.

The program's main method executes the other methods to

perform the overall task.

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Program with static method

public class FreshPrince { public static void main(String[] args) { rap(); // Calling (running) the rap method System.out.println(); rap(); // Calling the rap method again } // This method prints the lyrics to my favorite song. public static void rap() { System.out.println("Now this is the story all about how"); System.out.println("My life got flipped turned upside-down"); } }

Output:
Now this is the story all about how My life got flipped turned upside-down Now this is the story all about how My life got flipped turned upside-down
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Methods calling methods

public class MethodsExample { public static void main(String[] args) { message1(); message2(); System.out.println("Done with main."); } public static void message1() { System.out.println("This is message1."); } public static void message2() { System.out.println("This is message2."); message1(); System.out.println("Done with message2."); } }

Output:
This This This Done Done

is message1. is message2. is message1. with message2. with main.

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Control flow
When a method is called, the program's execution... "jumps" into that method, executing its statements, then "jumps" back to the point where the method was called.
public class MethodsExample { public static void main(String[] args) { public static void message1() { message1(); System.out.println("This is message1.");
}

message2();

public static void message2() { System.out.println("This is message2."); message1();

System.out.println("Done System.out.println("Done with main."); with message2."); } ... }

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} public static void message1() { System.out.println("This is message1."); }

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When to use methods

Place statements into a static method if:
The statements are related structurally, and/or The statements are repeated.

You should not create static methods for:

An individual println statement. Only blank lines. (Put blank printlns in main.) Unrelated or weakly related statements.

(Consider splitting them into two smaller methods.)

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Drawing complex figures with static methods

reading: 1.5 (Ch. 1 Case Study: DrawFigures)

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Static methods question

Write a program to print these figures using methods.
______ / \ / \ \ / \______/ \ / \______/ +--------+ ______ / \ / \ | STOP | \ / \______/ ______ / \ / \ +--------+
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Development strategy
______ / \ / \ \ / \______/ \ / \______/ +--------+ ______ / \ / \ | STOP | \ / \______/ ______ / \ / \ +--------+
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First version (unstructured):

Create an empty program and main method. Copy the expected output into it, surrounding each line with System.out.println syntax. Run it to verify the output.

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Program version 1
public class Figures1 { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(" ______"); System.out.println(" / \\"); System.out.println("/ \\"); System.out.println("\\ /"); System.out.println(" \\______/"); System.out.println(); System.out.println("\\ /"); System.out.println(" \\______/"); System.out.println("+--------+"); System.out.println(); System.out.println(" ______"); System.out.println(" / \\"); System.out.println("/ \\"); System.out.println("| STOP |"); System.out.println("\\ /"); System.out.println(" \\______/"); System.out.println(); System.out.println(" ______"); System.out.println(" / \\"); System.out.println("/ \\"); System.out.println("+--------+"); } }
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Development strategy 2
______ / \ / \ \ / \______/ \ / \______/ +--------+ ______ / \ / \ | STOP | \ / \______/ ______ / \ / \ +--------+
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Second version (structured, with redundancy):

Identify the structure of the output. Divide the main method into static methods based on this structure.

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Output structure
______ / \ / \ \ / \______/ \ / \______/ +--------+ ______ / \ / \ | STOP | \ / \______/ ______ / \ / \ +--------+

The structure of the output: initial "egg" figure second "teacup" figure third "stop sign" figure fourth "hat" figure This structure can be represented by methods: egg teaCup stopSign hat
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Program version 2
public class Figures2 { public static void main(String[] args) { egg(); teaCup(); stopSign(); hat(); } public static void egg() { System.out.println(" ______"); System.out.println(" / \\"); System.out.println("/ \\"); System.out.println("\\ /"); System.out.println(" \\______/"); System.out.println(); } public static void teaCup() { System.out.println("\\ /"); System.out.println(" \\______/"); System.out.println("+--------+"); System.out.println(); } ...
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Program version 2, cont'd.

... public static void stopSign() { System.out.println(" ______"); System.out.println(" / \\"); System.out.println("/ \\"); System.out.println("| STOP |"); System.out.println("\\ /"); System.out.println(" \\______/"); System.out.println(); } public static void hat() { System.out.println(" ______"); System.out.println(" / \\"); System.out.println("/ \\"); System.out.println("+--------+"); }

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Development strategy 3
______ / \ / \ \ / \______/ \ / \______/ +--------+ ______ / \ / \ | STOP | \ / \______/ ______ / \ / \ +--------+
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Third version (structured, without redundancy):

Identify redundancy in the output, and create methods to eliminate as much as possible. Add comments to the program.

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Output redundancy
______ / \ / \ \ / \______/ \ / \______/ +--------+ ______ / \ / \ | STOP | \ / \______/ ______ / \ / \ +--------+

The redundancy in the output:

egg top: egg bottom: divider line:

reused on stop sign, hat reused on teacup, stop sign used on teacup, hat

This redundancy can be fixed by methods: eggTop eggBottom line

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Program version 3
// Suzy Student, CSE 138, Spring 2094 // Prints several figures, with methods for structure and redundancy. public class Figures3 { public static void main(String[] args) { egg(); teaCup(); stopSign(); hat(); } // Draws the top half of an an egg figure. public static void eggTop() { System.out.println(" ______"); System.out.println(" / \\"); System.out.println("/ \\"); } // Draws the bottom half of an egg figure. public static void eggBottom() { System.out.println("\\ /"); System.out.println(" \\______/"); } // Draws a complete egg figure. public static void egg() { eggTop(); eggBottom(); System.out.println(); } 28 ...
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Program version 3, cont'd.

... // Draws a teacup figure. public static void teaCup() { eggBottom(); line(); System.out.println(); } // Draws a stop sign figure. public static void stopSign() { eggTop(); System.out.println("| STOP |"); eggBottom(); System.out.println(); } // Draws a figure that looks sort of like a hat. public static void hat() { eggTop(); line(); } // Draws a line of dashes. public static void line() { System.out.println("+--------+"); }

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