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Health Care Waste Hospital Waste: Public Health Department Faculty of Medicine

The document outlines the specific learning objectives of health care waste management. It defines health care waste and describes its classification into 10 categories including infectious, pathological, sharps, and pharmaceutical waste. The major sources of health care waste are identified as hospitals, health care establishments, laboratories, and mortuaries. Risks associated with health care waste include infections and injuries from sharps as well as toxic effects from chemical and radioactive waste. Proper handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal can minimize these risks to workers and the public.

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79 views34 pages

Health Care Waste Hospital Waste: Public Health Department Faculty of Medicine

The document outlines the specific learning objectives of health care waste management. It defines health care waste and describes its classification into 10 categories including infectious, pathological, sharps, and pharmaceutical waste. The major sources of health care waste are identified as hospitals, health care establishments, laboratories, and mortuaries. Risks associated with health care waste include infections and injuries from sharps as well as toxic effects from chemical and radioactive waste. Proper handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal can minimize these risks to workers and the public.

Uploaded by

medino
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Health Care Waste Hospital waste

Public Health Department Faculty of Medicine

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES


The student will be able : to define the health care-waste to describe the classification of health care- waste to describe the sources of health care waste to describe risks associated with health care waste to describe the health impacts of health care waste to describe the handling, storage and transportation of health care waste - to describe the treatment and disposal technologies for health care waste

References
Prss A, Giroult E, Rushbrook P, eds. Safe Management of Wastes from Health-care Activities. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1999. WHO,Pruss,Giroult,Rushbrook, ed., Safe Management of wastes from health-care activities, Geneva, 1999,. Chapter:2,3,7,8 Health care waste and its safe management : http://www.healthcarewaste

Never recap the needle

Always place the syringe and needle in a safety box immediately after use

1. Definition the health care-waste


Health care waste includes all the waste generated by health care establishment, research facilities, and laboratories

- 10-25 % of health care waste is regarded as hazardous and may create a variety of health risk

2. the classification of health care- waste


The 10-25 % hazardous fraction of health care waste are usually classified into the following waste groups : (Categories of health care waste) 1. Infectious waste 2. Pathological waste 3. Sharps 4. Pharmaceutical waste 5. Genotoxic / cytotoxic waste 6. Hazardous Chemical waste 7. Waste with high content of heavy metals 8. Pressurized containers 9. Radioactive waste 10. Highly infectious waste

Categories of health care waste


No
1

Waste category Description and example


Infectious waste
Waste suspected to contact pathogens. Exp. Lab culture, tissues, material or equipment e.g body parts, blood, body fluids Sharp waste Eg. Needles, infusion sets, scalpels, knives, broken glass.

2
3

Pathological waste Human tissues or fluid


Sharps

4
5

Pharmaceutical waste
Highly infectious waste

Waste containing pharmaceutical Eg. phar. Expired.


Consists in microbial culture and stock of highly infectious agent from medical analysis laboratories. Eg. Body fluids

Genotoxic waste

Waste containing substances with genotoxic properties


e.g waste containing cytotoxic drugs, genotoxic chemicals

7 8 9 10

Chemical waste

Waste containing chemical substances


e.g. reagents, desinfectant, solvents

Waste with high content of heavy metals

Bateries, broken thermometre, blood pressure gauges

Pressurized Gas cylinders, gas cartridge, containers aerosol cans Radioactive waste Waste containing radioactive substance
e.g unused liquids from radiotherapy

3. The sources of health care waste


The sources of health care waste can be classified as 1. Major sources of health care waste 2. Minor sources of health care waste

Major sources of health care waste


1.

2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Hospital Other health care establishment Related laboratories and research centers Mortuary and autopsy centers Animal research and testing Blood banks and blood collection services Nursing home for elderly

Other health care establishment


Emergency medical care services Health care centers and dispensaries Obstetric and maternity clinics Outpatient clinics Dialysis centers First aid posts and sick bays Long term health care establishment and hospices Transfusion centers Military medical services

Related laboratories and research centers Medical and biomedical laboratories Biotechnology laboratories and institutions Medical research centers

Minor sources of health care waste


1.

Small health care establishments


Physicians office Dental clinics Acupuncturist Chiropractors

2.

Specialized health care establishments and institutions with low waste


Convalescent nursing homes Psychiatric hospitals Disabled persons institutions

3.

Non health activities involving intravenous or subcutaneous interventions


Cosmetics ear piercing and tattoo parlours Illicit drug users

4. 5. 6.

Funeral services Ambulance Services Home treatment

Risk associated with Health Care Waste

1.

2.
3. 4. 5.

All individuals exposed to healthcare waste are potentially at risk of being injured or infected. They include : Medical staff : doctors, nurses, sanitary staff and hospital maintenance personnel In and out patients receiving treatment in health care facilities as well as visitors Workers in support services : laundries, waste handling and transportation services Workers in waste disposal facilities The general public , children playing with the items they can find in the waste outside the healthcare facilities.

The general public can be infected by health care waste directly or indirectly through several routes of contaminations - recycling reuse of syringe - unsafe injection practices - sale of recovered drugs in the informal sector ( elimination of expired drugs is uncontrolled) The dumping of health care waste in uncontrolled areas can have a direct environmental effect by contaminating soils and underground waters

4. The health impacts of health care waste


Person at risk of health care waste Medical doctors, nurses, health care auxiliaries, and hospital maintenance personnel Patients in health care establishment or receiving home care Visitors to health care establishments Workers in support services allied to health care establishments, such as laundries, waste handling, transportation Workers in waste disposal facilities (landfills or incinerator)

Hazards from infections waste and sharps


Type infections 1. Gastrointestinal infections 2. Respiratory infections 3. Ocular infection 4. Genital infection 5. Skin infection 6. Anthrax 7. AIDS 8. Haemorhagic fever 9. Septicaemia 10. Bacteriaemia 11. Candidaemia 12. Hepatitis, A, B,C

Hazards from chemical and pharmaceutical waste


Toxic Genotoxic Corrosive Flammable Reactive Explosive Shock sensitive

They may cause : - Intoxications - Acute or chronic exposure - Injuries - Burn

Hazards from genotoxic waste


Occur during preparation or treatment The main pathway are inhalation, absorption (skin), ingestion Exposure occur through contact with the bodily fluids and secretions of patients undergoing chemotherapy

Hazards from radioactive waste

Health care workers, waste handling or cleaning personnel at risk

Public Health impact of health care waste


Impact Impact waste Impact Impact

of infectious waste and sharp of chemical and pharmaceutical of genotoxic waste of radioactive waste

5. the handling, storage and transportation of health care waste


1. 2.

3. 4. 5.

Waste segregation and packaging On site collection Transport Storage of waste Off site transportation - Regulation and control system - Special packaging requirements for off site transport - Labeling - Labeling for radioactive waste - Preparation for transportation - transportation vehicles or containers - Routing

The management of waste


Step Step Step Step Step Step Step Step 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 : : : : : : : : waste management health care waste generation segregation and containerization intermediate storage internal transport centralized storage external transport treatment and final disposal

Unsafe healthcare waste management leads to death and disability

Healthcare waste management may also represent a risk to health

6. the treatment and disposal technologies


for health care waste
1.

2.
3. 4. 5. 6.

Incineration Chemical disinfection Wet and dry thermal treatment Microwave irradiation Land disposal Inertization

Hospital waste management


Hospital waste is a potential reservoir of pathogenic micro organism and requires appropriate safe and reliable handling The main risk associated with infection is sharps contaminated with blood There should be a person or persons responsible for the organization and management of waste collection, handling, storage and disposal

Principle of waste management


Steps in the management of hospital waste include :

Generation Segregation / separation Collection Transportation Storage Treatment Final disposal

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