SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR SPEED CONTROL BY V/F METHOD THROUGH MICROCONTROLLER
GUIDED BY: Shri M.P.S. CHAWLA Assoc. Professor Electronics)
SUBMITTED BY: VIPIN GUPTA M.E. (Power
Introduction
Speed control was used in DC motors because of constant speed operation at all load and simple controller design but it was inefficient and required high maintenance.
Now, Due to the advancement in microcontroller and
power electronics; Induction motors are being used in greater numbers throughout a wide variety of domestic
and commercial applications because it provides many
benefits and reliable device to convert the electrical energy into mechanical motion.
Continue.
Because of the only availability of single phase power for the domestic purpose. So, here we implemented a single phase motor speed control hardware to control various appliances such as
washing machines, fans, hand-held power tools and induction motor-based centrifugal pump.
Literature Survey
literature
study
is
performed
about
various
methods of controlling the speed of the single
phase induction motor and come to the conclusion that the best solution is using a PSC (permanent slip capacitor) motor with three-phase inverter bridge.
This system allows varying the induction motors speed, varying the frequency and voltage.
Continue.
It was made implementing PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation)
microcontroller.
control
algorithms
in
PIC
Microcontroller output signals are sent to the IGBTs driver and finally to the IGBTs, where DC bus
(generated by a rectifier) is synthesized to provide
two Sinusoidal voltages at 90 degrees out of phase with varying amplitude and varying frequency to fed
the motor, according to the V/f profile.
Speed Control Of Induction Motor
The speed of an Induction Motor is given as follows
N = 120 f / P
The torque equation of the induction motor can be expressed as follows
T = [(k2f2)/(Rr/s)2+(Llr)2 ]*Rr/S
Various Speed Control Techniques
Pole changing Stator voltage control Rotor resistance control Stator frequency control
V/F constant control
V/F Method Of Speed Control
In this mode of operation, the voltage across the
magnetizing inductance in the exact equivalent circuit
reduces in amplitude with reduction in frequency
Smooth variation of voltage and frequency of the AC
output
The current through the inductance and the flux in the machine remains constant
Torque-speed Curves With V/F Held Constant
SPIM Requirements
Voltage ratio Vaux/Vmain is approximately equal to the
effective turns ratio a, Naux/Nmain(1.37 for the motor
used for this project)
Current ratio is Iaux/Imain=1/a Vaux leads Vmain by 90
at rated frequency
Constant V/Hz (voltage frequency ratio) for adjustable
speed control
Configuration Of SPIM Drive
Circuit Topology Of Drive
MICROCONTROLLER CONTROL CIRCUIT INPUT
RECTIFIE R
INVERTER
Pulse Width Modulation
To digitalize the power
To produce the desired RMS output
Triangle wave is used as carrier and reference signal is sinusoidal wave, whose frequency is the desired frequency
To produce the desired fundamental component of frequency
PWM AND FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
Problem Formulation
Input section is replaced with a standard diode
bridge rectifier
Output section has a 3-phase inverter bridge
One end of the main winding and start windings are connected to one half bridge each, The other are tied together and connected to the third half bridge
Circuit Diagram
PIC16F72 Microcontroller
To control 3-phase inverter bridge
Generate PWM frequency approximately 8 KHz
Timer1 (1:4 prescale) is counted up from 00 to 634
Gives a dead time of one micro second when the microcontroller is running at 20 MHz
PORT C <0:5> are initialized to output PWMs
Continue
A/D channels are initialized to read frequency reference (AN1) -Frequency reference is read using a potentiometer connected to A/D channel 1.
Timer0 is used for setting the motor frequency based on the potentiometer setting
The sine table is loaded into RAM
Timer0 overflow, Timer1 overflow and INT interrupts are enabled
PIC16F72 Pin Description
Microcontroller Limitation
Generating software PWM takes significant processing power. This limits any other application that may be required to run on the same MCU
The safe PWM frequency range is from 6 khz to 10 kHz with an operating frequency of 20 Mhz. The PWM cycle may have an error up to 5%.
The resolution is also limited between 6 to 8 bits. In addition
to this, generating PWM outputs in firmware uses the on-chip Timer, program and data memory.
Driver IRAMS10UP60A
Integrated Gate Drivers and Bootstrap Diodes Temperature Monitor Temperature and Over current shut down Fully Isolated Package
Low VCE (on) Non Punch Through IGBT Technology
Under-voltage lockout for channels
Continue..
Matched propagation delay for all channels Low side IGBT emitter pins for current control Schmitt-triggered input logic Cross-conduction prevention logic
Lower di/dt gate driver for better noise immunity
Internal Electrical Sechmatic-IRAMS10UP60A
Printed Circuit Board Designing
Eagle PCB layout editor 6.1.0 is used Developed the schematic of the circuit Convert its schematic into board which is required PCB layout
Schematic of Circuit
PCB Layout
Power Supply
5 V DC supply for microcontroller 15 V DC supply for Driver Power Module- IRAMS10UP60A 30 V Isolated power Supply for generate the results
Coding
Coding is done in Assembly language MP Lab assembler is used for the simulation MP Lab assembler is also used for generating of Hex file of the code
Results
Auxiliary and Main winding voltage respectively at 25 Hz
Auxiliary and Main winding voltage respectively at 40 Hz
Auxiliary and Main winding voltage respectively at 60 Hz
Implemented Hardware
Discussion & Conclusion
It is the single-phase induction motor that makes the less noise. Excellent for applications with high on/off cycle rates. Most reliable of the single-phase motors. The best choice for variable speed control.
Scope & Future Work
In addition, a 3-phase induction motor can be controlled using the firmware Gives flexibility to the system without changing hardware We can protect the hardware by adding over current, over voltage and over temperature peripheral circuitry and complex software programming.
