IXA 1334

Computer Programming
 Faculty Of Industrial Information Technology

C++ Programming:
From Problem Analysis
to Program Design, Second Edition

Chapter 2: Basic Elements of C++

Objectives

In this chapter you will:

• Become familiar with the basic components of

a C++ program, including functions, special
symbols, and identifiers

• Explore simple data types and examine the

string data type

• Discover how to use arithmetic operators

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 3

Objectives

• Examine how a program evaluates arithmetic

expressions
• Learn what an assignment statement is and
what it does
• Discover how to input data into memory using
input statements
• Become familiar with the use of increment
and decrement operators
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 4
Objectives

• Examine ways to output results using output

statements
• Learn how to use preprocessor directives and
why they are necessary
• Explore how to properly structure a program,
including using comments
• Learn how to write a C++ program

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 5

Introduction

• Computer program: sequence of statements

designed to accomplish some task
• Programming: planning/creating a program
• Syntax: rules that specify which statements
(instructions) are legal
• Programming language: a set of rules,
symbols, and special words
• Semantic rule: meaning of the instruction
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 6
C++ Programs

• A C++ program is a collection of one or more

subprograms, called functions
• A subprogram or a function is a collection of
statements that, when activated (executed),
accomplishes something
• Every C++ program has a function called main
• The smallest individual unit of a program
written in any language is called a token

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 7

Symbols

• Special
symbols

• + • ?
• - • ,
• * • <=
• / • !=
• . • ==
• ; • >=

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 8

Symbols (continued)

• Word symbols
− Reserved words, or keywords
− Include:
• Int
• Float
• Double
• Char
• Void
• Return
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 9
Identifiers

• Consist of letters, digits, and the underscore

character (_)
• Must begin with a letter or underscore
• C++ is case sensitive
• Some predefined identifiers are cout and cin
• Unlike reserved words, predefined identifiers
may be redefined, but it is not a good idea

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 10

Legal and Illegal Identifiers

• The following are legal identifiers in C++:

− first
− conversion
− payRate

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 11

Data Types

• Data Type: set of values together with a set of

operations is called a data type

• C++ data can be classified into three

categories:

− Simple data type

− Structured data type

− Pointers
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 12
Simple Data Types

• Three categories of simple data

− Integral: integers (numbers without a decimal)

− Floating-point: decimal numbers

− Enumeration type: user-defined data type

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 13

int Data Type

• Examples:
− -6728
−0
− 78
• Positive integers do not have to have a + sign
in front of them
• No commas are used within an integer
• Commas are used for separating items in a
list
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 15
bool Data Type

• bool type

− Has two values, true and false

− Manipulate logical (Boolean) expressions

• True and false are called logical values

• bool, true, and false are reserved words

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 16

char Data Type

• The smallest integral data type

• Used for characters: letters, digits, and special
symbols
• Each character is enclosed in single quotes
• Some of the values belonging to char data
type are: 'A', 'a', '0', '*', '+', '$', '&'
• A blank space is a character and is written ' ',
with a space left between the single quotes

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 17

Floating-Point Data Types

• C++ uses scientific notation to represent real

numbers (floating-point notation)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 18

Floating-Point Data Types
(continued)
• Float: represents any real number
− Range: -3.4E+38 to 3.4E+38
• Memory allocated for the float type is 4 bytes
• Double: represents any real number
− Range: -1.7E+308 to 1.7E+308
• Memory allocated for double type is 8 bytes
• On most newer compilers, data types double
and long double are same

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 19

Floating-Point Data Types
(continued)
• Maximum number of significant digits
(decimal places) for float values is 6 or 7
• Float values are called single precision
• Maximum number of significant digits for
double is 15
• Double values are called double precision
• Precision: maximum number of significant
digits

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 20

string Data Type
• Programmer-defined type supplied in
standard library
• Sequence of zero or more characters
• Enclosed in double quotation marks
• Null: a string with no characters
• Each character has relative position in string
• Position of first character is 0, the position of
the second is 1, and so on
• Length: number of characters in string
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 21
Arithmetic Operators
• C++ Operators
−+ addition
−- subtraction
−* multiplication
−/ division
−% remainder (mod operator)
• +, -, *, and / can use with integral and floating-
point data types
• Unary operator - has only one operand
• Binary Operator - has two operands
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 22
Order of Precedence

• All operations inside of ( ) are evaluated first

• *, /, and % are at the same level of
precedence and are evaluated next
• + and – have the same level of precedence
and are evaluated last
• When operators are on the same level
− Performed from left to right

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 23

Expressions

• If all operands are integers

− Expression is called an integral expression
• If all operands are floating-point
− Expression is called a floating-point
expression
• An integral expression yields integral result
• A floating-point expression yields a floating-
point result

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 24

Mixed Expressions

• Mixed expression:
− Has operands of different data types
− Contains integers and floating-point

• Examples of mixed expressions:

− 2 + 3.5
− 6 / 4 + 3.9
− 5.4 * 2 – 13.6 + 18 / 2
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 25
Evaluating Mixed Expressions

• If operator has same types of operands

− Evaluated according to the type of the
operands
• If operator has both types of operands
− Integer is changed to floating-point
− Operator is evaluated
− Result is floating-point

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 26

Evaluating Mixed Expressions
(continued)
• Entire expression is evaluated according to
precedence rules

− Multiplication, division, and modulus are

evaluated before addition and subtraction

− Operators having same level of precedence

are evaluated from left to right

− Grouping is allowed for clarity

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 27

Type Conversion (Casting)

• Implicit type coercion: when value of one type

is automatically changed to another type

• Cast operator provides explicit type conversion

• Use the following form:

− static_cast<dataTypeName>(expression)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 28

Input

• Data must be loaded into main memory

before it can be manipulated

• Storing data in memory is a two-step process:

1. Instruct the computer to allocate memory

2. Include statements to put data into allocated

memory

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 29

Allocating Memory

• Named Constant: memory location whose

content can’t change during execution
• Variable: memory location whose content
may change during execution
• The syntax to declare a named constant is:
const dataType identifier = value;

• In C++, const is a reserved word

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 30

Assignment Statement

• The assignment statement takes the form:

variable = expression;
• Expression is evaluated and its value is
assigned to the variable on the left side
• In C++ = is called the assignment operator
• A C++ statement such as:
I = I + 2;
evaluates whatever is in I, adds two to it, and
assigns the new value to the memory location I
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 31
Declaring & Initializing Variables

• Variables can be initialized when declared:

int first=13, second=10;
char ch=' ';
double x=12.6, y=123.456;
• first and second are integers with the values
13 and 10 respectively
• ch is a char whose value is empty
• x and y are doubles with 12.6 and 123.456
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 32
Input (Read) Statement

• cin is used with >> to gather input

cin>>variable>>variable. . .;
• The extraction operator is >>
• For example, if miles is a double variable
cin>>miles;
− Causes computer to get a value of type double
− Places it in the memory cell miles
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 33
Input Statement (continued)
• Using more than one variable in cin allows
more than one value to be read at a time
• For example, if feet and inch are variables of
the type int a statement such as:
cin>>feet>>inch;
− Inputs two integers from the keyboard
− Places them in locations feet and inch
respectively
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 34
Increment & Decrement Operators
• Increment operator: increment variable by 1
• Decrement operator: decrement variable by 1
• Pre-increment: ++variable
• Post-increment: variable++
• Pre-decrement: --variable
• Post-decrement: variable--

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 35

Increment & Decrement Operators
(continued)
• ++count; or count++; increments the value of
count by 1
• --count; or count--; decrements the value of
count by
• If x = 5; and y = ++x;
− After the second statement both x and y are 6
• If x = 5; and y = x++;
− After the second statement y is 5 and x is 6

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 36

Output

• The syntax of cout and << is:

cout<< expression or manipulator
<< expression or manipulator << ...;
• Called an output (cout) statement
• The << operator is called the insertion
operator or the stream insertion operator
• Expression evaluated and its value is printed
at the current cursor position on the screen
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 37
Output (continued)

• Manipulator: alters output

• endl: the simplest manipulator

− Causes cursor to move to beginning of the

next line

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 38

Output Example

• Output of the C++ statement cout<<a; is

meaningful if a has a value

− For example, the sequence of C++

statements,

a = 45;

cout<<a;

produces an output of 45

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 39

The New Line Character

• The new line character is ‘\n’

• Without this character the output is printed on
one line
• Tells the output to go to the next line
• When \n is encountered in a string
− Cursor is positioned at the beginning of next
line
• A \n may appear anywhere in the string
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 40
Examples

• Without the new line character:

cout<<"Hello there.";
cout<<"My name is Goofy.";
− Would output:
Hello there.My name is Goofy.
• With the new line character:
cout<<"Hello there.\n";
cout<<"My name is Goofy.";
− Would output
Hello there.
My name is Goofy.

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 41

Preprocessor Directives
• C++ has a small number of operations
• Many functions and symbols needed to run a
C++ program are provided as collection of
libraries
• Every library has a name and is referred to by a
header file
• Preprocessor directives are commands
supplied to the preprocessor
• All preprocessor commands begin with #
• No semicolon at the end of these commands
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 43
Preprocessor Directive Syntax

• Syntax to include a header file

#include <headerFileName>

• Causes the preprocessor to include the

header file iostream in the program

• The syntax is:

#include <iostream>

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 44

Header Files

• In older versions of C++

− Header files had the file extension .h
• ANSI C++ removes this extension
• The descriptions of the functions needed to
perform I/O are contained in iostream
• The syntax is:
− #include <iostream>

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 45

Using cin and cout in a Program
and namespace
• cin and cout are declared in the header file
iostream, but within a namespace named std

• To use cin and cout in a program, use the

following two statements:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 47

Using the string Data Type in a
Program
• To use the string type, you need to access its
definition from the header file string

• Include the following preprocessor directive:

#include <string>

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 48

Creating a C++ Program

• C++ program has two parts:

1. Preprocessor directives
2. The program

• Preprocessor directives and program

statements constitute C++ source code
• Source code must be saved in a file with the
file extension .cpp

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 49

Creating a C++ Program
(continued)
• Compiler generates the object code

− Saved in a file with file extension .obj

• Executable code is produced and saved in a

file with the file extension .exe.

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 50

Program Style and Form

• The Program Part

− Every C++ program has a function main
− Basic parts of function main are:
• The heading
• The body of the function

• The heading part has the following form

typeOfFunction main(argument list)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 51

Body and Syntax

• The body of the function is enclosed between

{ and }
• Has two types of statements
− Declaration statements
− Executable statements
• Errors in syntax are found in compilation
int x; //Line 1
int y //Line 2: syntax error
double z; //Line 3
y = w + x; //Line 4: syntax error
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 52
Syntax

• Declaration Statements
int a, b, c;
double x, y;
− Variables can be declared anywhere in the
program, but they must be declared before they
can be used
• Executable Statements have three forms:
a = 4; //assignment statement
cin>>b; //input statement
cout<<a<<endl<<b<<endl; //output statement
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 53
Use of Blanks
• Use of Blanks
− One or more blanks separate input numbers
− Blanks are also used to separate reserved words and
identifiers from each other and other symbols
• Blanks between identifiers in the second
statement are meaningless:
− int a,b,c;
− int a, b, c;
• In the statement: inta,b,c;
no blank between the t and a changes the reserved
word int and the identifier a into a new identifier, inta.
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 54
Semicolons, Brackets, & Commas

• Commas separate items in a list

• All C++ statements end with a semicolon

• Semicolon is also called a statement

terminator

• { and } are not C++ statements

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 55

Semantics

• Possible to remove all syntax errors in a

program and still not have it run
• Even if it runs, it may still not do what you
meant it to do
• For example,
2 + 3 * 5 and (2 + 3) * 5
are both syntactically correct expressions, but
have different meanings

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 56

Form and Style

• Consider two ways of declaring variables:

− Method 1
int feet, inch;
double x, y;
− Method 2
int a,b;double x,y;

• Both are correct, however, the second is hard

to read

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 57

Documentation
• Comments can be used to document code
− Single line comments begin with // anywhere
in the line
− Multiple line comments are enclosed between
/* and */
• Name identifiers with meaningful names
• Run-together-words can be handled either by
using CAPS for the beginning of each new
word or an underscore before the new word
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 58
Assignment Statements

• C++ has special assignment statements

called compound assignment

− +=, -=, *=, /=, and %=

• Example:

x *= y;

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 59

Programming Example

• Write a program that takes as input a given

length expressed in feet and inches
− Convert and output the length in centimeters
• Input: Length in feet and inches
• Output: Equivalent length in centimeters
• Lengths are given in feet and inches
• Program computes the equivalent length in
centimeters
• One inch is equal to 2.54 centimeters
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 60
Programming Example (continued)

• Convert the length in feet and inches to all

inches:

− Multiply the number of feet by 12

− Add given inches

• Use the conversion formula (1 inch = 2.54

centimeters) to find the equivalent length in
centimeters

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 61

Programming Example (continued)

• The algorithm is as follows:

− Get the length in feet and inches

− Convert the length into total inches

− Convert total inches into centimeters

− Output centimeters

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 62

Variables and Constants

• Variables
− int feet; //holds given feet
− int inches; //holds given inch
− int totalInches; //holds total inches
− double centimeters; // holds length in centimeters

• Named Constant
− const double conversion = 2.54;
− const int inchesPerFoot = 12;

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 63

Main Algorithm

• Prompt user for input

• Get data
• Echo the input (output the input)
• Find length in inches
• Output length in inches
• Convert length to centimeters
• Output length in centimeters

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 64

Putting It Together

• Program begins with comments

• System resources will be used for I/O
• Use input statements to get data and output
statements to print results
• Data comes from keyboard and the output will
display on the screen
• The first statement of the program, after
comments, is preprocessor directive to
include header file iostream
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 65
Putting It Together (continued)
• Two types of memory locations for data
manipulation:
− Named constants
− Variables
• Named constants are usually put before main
so they can be used throughout program
• This program has only one function (main),
which will contain all the code
• The program needs variables to manipulate
data, which are declared in main
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 66
Body of the Function

• The body of the function main has the

following form:
int main ()
{
declare variables
statements
return 0;
}

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 67

Writing a Complete Program

• Begin the program with comments for

documentation

• Include header files

• Declare named constants, if any

• Write the definition of the function main

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 68

Summary
• C++ program: collection of functions where
each program has a function called main
• Identifier consists of letters, digits, and
underscores, and begins with letter or
underscore
• The arithmetic operators in C++ are addition
(+), subtraction (-),multiplication (*), division (/),
and modulus (%)
• Arithmetic expressions are evaluated using the
precedence associativity rules
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 69
Summary
• All operands in an integral expression are
integers and all operands in a floating-point
expression are decimal numbers
• Mixed expression: contains both integers and
decimal numbers
• Use the cast operator to explicitly convert
values from one data type to another
• A named constant is initialized when declared
• All variables must be declared before used

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 70

Summary

• Use cin and stream extraction operator >> to

input from the standard input device
• Use cout and stream insertion operator << to
output to the standard output device
• Preprocessor commands are processed
before the program goes through the compiler
• A file containing a C++ program usually ends
with the extension .cpp

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Second Edition 71