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C++: I/O and Classes: Gateway Engineering Education Coalition

The document discusses keyboard and screen input/output (I/O) in C++ using streams and classes. It introduces the iostream header file and stream objects like cin and cout for input and output. Classes in C++ allow modeling of objects with attributes and behaviors. A class example demonstrates a Numbers class with private data members and public member functions including a constructor.

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Kuldeep Singh
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29 views

C++: I/O and Classes: Gateway Engineering Education Coalition

The document discusses keyboard and screen input/output (I/O) in C++ using streams and classes. It introduces the iostream header file and stream objects like cin and cout for input and output. Classes in C++ allow modeling of objects with attributes and behaviors. A class example demonstrates a Numbers class with private data members and public member functions including a constructor.

Uploaded by

Kuldeep Singh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C++: I/O and Classes

Gateway Engineering Education Coalition

Keyboard & Screen I/O in C++


It is perfectly valid to use the same I/O statements in C++ as in C -- The very same printf, scanf, and other stdio.h functions that have been used until now. However, C++ provides an alternative with the new stream input/output features. The header file is named iostream and the stream I/O capabilities are accessible when you use the pre-processor declaration: #include <iostream> // No .h on std headers using namespace std; // To avoid things like // std::cout and std::cin
Gateway Engineering Education Coalition

Keyboard & Screen I/O in C++


Several new I/O objects available when you include the iostream header file. Two important ones are:
cin cout // Used for keyboard input (std::cin) // Used for screen output (std::cout)

Both cin and cout can be combined with other member functions for a wide variety of special I/O capabilities in program applications.
Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 25 P. 3

Keyboard & Screen I/O in C++


Since cin and cout are C++ objects, they are somewhat "intelligent":
They do not require the usual format strings and conversion specifications. They do automatically know what data types are involved. They do not need the address operator, &. They do require the use of the stream extraction ( >> ) and insertion ( << ) operators.

The next slide shows an example of the use of cin and cout.
Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 25 P. 4

Example using cin and cout


#include <iostream> using namespace std; // replace every cin and cout // with std::cin and std::cout // without this line

int main ( ) { int a, b; float k; char name[30]; cout << "Enter your name\n" ; cin >> name ; cout << "Enter two integers and a float\n" ; cin >> a >> b >> k ; cout << "Thank you, " << name << ", you entered\n " ; cout << a << ", " << b << ", and " << k << '\n' ; }
Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 25 P. 5

Example Program Output


Enter your name Rick Enter two integers and a float 20 30 45.67 Thank you, Rick, you entered 20, 30, and 45.67
Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 25 P. 6

Input Stream Object Member Functions


cin.getline (array_name, max_size) ;
Example: char name[40] ; cin.getline (name, 40); // gets a string from // keyboard and assigns // to name
Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 25 P. 7

Classes in C++
Classes enable a C++ program to model objects that have:
attributes (represented by data members). behaviors or operations (represented by member functions).

Types containing data members and member function prototypes are normally defined in a C++ program by using the keyword class.
Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 25 P. 8

Classes in C++
A class definition begins with the keyword class. The body of the class is contained within a set of braces, { } ; (notice the semi-colon). Within the body, the keywords private: and public: specify the access level of the members of the class. Classes default to private. Usually, the data members of a class are declared in the private: section of the class
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Classes in C++
A member function prototype which has the very same name as the name of the class may be specified and is called the constructor function. The definition of each member function is "tied" back to the class by using the binary scope resolution operator ( :: ). The operators used to access class members are identical to the operators used to access
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Classes Example
#include <iostream> #include <cstring> // This is the same as string.h in C using namespace std; class Numbers // Class definition { public: // Can be accessed by a "client". Numbers ( ) ; // Class "constructor" void display ( ) ; void update ( ) ; private: // Cannot be accessed by "client" char name[30] ; int a ; float b ; };
Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 25 P. 11

Classes Example (continued)


Numbers::Numbers ( ) // Constructor member function { strcpy (name, "Unknown") ; a = 0; b = 0.0; }

void Numbers::display ( ) // Member function { cout << "\nThe name is " << name << "\n" ;
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Classes Example (continued)


void Numbers::update ( ) // Member function { cout << "Enter name" << endl ; cin.getline (name, 30) ; cout << "Enter a and b" << endl ; cin >> a >> b; }
Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 25 P. 13

Classes Example (continued)


int main ( ) // Main program { Numbers no1, no2 ; // Create two objects of // the class "Numbers" no1.update ( ) ; values of // Update the // the data members
Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 25 P. 14

Example Program Output


r1tel (~) freuler 53> example.out The name is Rick Freuler The numbers are 9876 and 5.4321 The name is Unknown The numbers are 0 and 0
Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 25 P. 15

More Detailed Classes Example #include <iostream>


#include <cstring> using namespace std; class Numbers // Class definition { public: Numbers (char [ ] = "Unknown", int = 0, float = 0.0) ; void display ( ) ; void update ( ) ; private: char name[30]; int a; float b; };
Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 25 P. 16

More Detailed Classes Example (continued)


Numbers::Numbers (char nm[ ], int j, float k ) { strcpy (name, nm) ; a=j; b=k; } void Numbers::update ( ) { cout << "Enter a and b" << endl ; cin >> a >> b ; }

Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 25 P. 17

More Detailed Classes Example (continued) void Numbers::display( )


{
cout << "\nThe name is " << name << '\n' ; cout << "The numbers are " << a << " and " << b << endl ; } int main ( ) { Numbers no1, no2 ("John Demel", 12345, 678.9);
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More Detailed Example Program Output


r1rhl (~) freuler 76> example.out The name is Unknown The numbers are 0 and 0 The name is John Demel The numbers are 12345 and 678.9
Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 25 P. 19

Some Help for G23


Use #include <iostream> using namespace std;
When using these, use the following compile command g++ o g23.out g23.cpp
Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 25 P. 20

Some Guidance on G23


class Complex { private: float fReal; float fImag; public: Complex(); // Constructor function What goes here? prototype void mult(_______); // rest of function prototypes
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Hints on Multiplying Complex Numbers


For the function void Complex::mult (Complex imag_n) { // you need to use the distributive property! // (a + b*i)*(c + d*i) = (a*c b*d) + (b*c + a*d)*i // real part + i imag part }
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