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Overlay and Buffer Analysis

Buffer analysis involves creating zones around geographic features like points, lines, and polygons. There are two types of buffers - constant width buffers that are all the same distance, and variable width buffers where the distance can change based on attribute values. Point buffers create circular polygons, line buffers handle line segments independently, and polygon buffers are created on only one side of the defining line. Overlay analysis derives new information by performing operations like intersection and union on two or more data layers covering the same area. It can be done on vector or raster data, with vector overlay generating new geometric features and raster being a straightforward pixel-based operation.

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992 views

Overlay and Buffer Analysis

Buffer analysis involves creating zones around geographic features like points, lines, and polygons. There are two types of buffers - constant width buffers that are all the same distance, and variable width buffers where the distance can change based on attribute values. Point buffers create circular polygons, line buffers handle line segments independently, and polygon buffers are created on only one side of the defining line. Overlay analysis derives new information by performing operations like intersection and union on two or more data layers covering the same area. It can be done on vector or raster data, with vector overlay generating new geometric features and raster being a straightforward pixel-based operation.

Uploaded by

abhilashrajendra
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BUFFER ANALYSIS & OVERLAY

ANALYSIS
By,

ABHILASH RAJENDRA

Buffer - a zone - specified width - point, line, polygon

The resulting buffer is a new polygon, which can be used in queries to determine which entities occur either within or outside the defined buffer zone.

Two types of buffers: 1. Constant width buffers, and 2. Variable width buffers. Both types can be generated for a set of coverage features based on each features attribute values. Buffer primitives are classified as point, line, and polygon buffering operations.

Buffering points:
A point is the basic unit of resolution in any GIS system. Buffering point data involves the creation of a circular polygon about the point of interest. The radius of this circular polygon is called the buffer distance.

If one is buffering multiple points in the same layer, then the buffering algorithms check for overlaps in each points buffer and remove the overlapping sections.

Figure 1. Buffering Multiple Points

If multiple point buffers intersect or overlap, as illustrated in Figure 1, then the system takes all the overlapping polygons and combines them into one or more polygons that represent a layer.

Figure 2. Removal of Overlaps

Buffering Lines:
Buffering lines is a little more complicated than buffering point data. This is mainly due to the fact that lines can be made up of multiple segments. Line segments are handled independently of each other.

Figure 3. Line Buffering

Buffering Polygons:
Buffering of polygonal surfaces uses most of the same concepts used for line buffering. The only significant change is that the polygon buffer is created on only one side of the line that defines the polygon. In polygon buffering two options are available, namely an outside polygon which surrounds or contains the polygonal surface under consideration or an inside polygon that is contained inside the polygonal surface under consideration.

Figure 4. Polygon Buffering

Overlay Analysis:
Overlay analysis is an technique of deriving new information from two or more layers of data covering the same area.

For instance, if we have a layer of land use and a layer of soil fertility, we can derive from the two layers the percentage of agricultural land developed over fertile soil. In the land use layer of our example, we are interested in the agricultural lands. So we group all other land use types into non-agricultural lands. Similarly, we identify fertile and non-fertile soils in the soil fertility layer.

After we have reduced each layer into two classifications, we can perform intersection, union, subtraction, and other logical operations on them.

Intersection

Union

Subtraction

Vector Overlay:
In vector overlay, the input layers and the output composite layer are topologically structured. Hence an overlay operation generates new nodes, arcs, and polygons.

Overlay analysis using vector data involves quite a few calculations like, cut arcs from the two layers to form new ones, form new polygons out of the new arcs, and so on.

Vector overlay can be performed on different types of map features: viz., 1. Polygon-on-polygon overlay 2. Line-in-polygon overlay 3. Point-on-polygon overlay The process of overlay will depend upon the modeling approach the user needs.

Raster Overlay:
It is a relatively straightforward operation and often many data sets can be combined and displayed at once.

This involves no geometrical calculations and no creation of new polygons.

Overlay Methods
"Piercing Needle" Approach: Point by point overlay analysis is referred to as the"piercing needle"approach. When multiple themes of data -- such as forests, water, soils, elevation, etc. -- are in relative position with one another, inserting a "digital pin" through the stack of overlaid data, allows questions to be answered concerning everything occurring at a particular location.

However, the point by point view of the world limits focus to a particular point which precludes wide-area landscape analysis.

Region Wide: "Cookie Cutter Approach"


The region wide, or "cookie cutter," approach to overlay analysis allows natural features, such as forest stand boundaries or soil polygons, to become the spatial area(s) which will be analyzed on another map.

CONCLUSION:
Overlaying does not involve only areas. We sometimes overlay areas upon lines to find out, for instance, how many countries a river flows through , areas upon points for example would be to determine how many trees there are within a park A buffer is an area defined by the bounding region determined by a set of points at a specified maximum distance from all nodes along segments of an object.

Thank You!!!

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