MANETs and Dynamic Source Routing Protocol

Dr. R. B. Patel

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET)

Information exchange in a network of mobile and wireless nodes without any infrastructural support. Such networks are often called ad hoc networks to emphasize that they do not depend on infrastructural support. A mobile ad-hoc network is a mobile, multi-hop wireless network which is capable of autonomous operation. The purpose of an ad hoc network is to set up (possibly) a short-lived network for a collection of nodes.
Characteristics
Energy constrained nodes Bandwidth constrained Variable capacity wireless links Dynamic topology

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET)

Host movement frequent Topology change frequent B

No cellular infrastructure. Multi-hop wireless links. Data must be routed via intermediate nodes.
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Why Ad Hoc Networks ?

Setting up of fixed access points and backbone infrastructure is not always viable
Infrastructure may not be present in a disaster area or war zone Infrastructure may not be practical for short-range radios; Bluetooth (range ~ 10m)

Ad hoc networks:
Do not need backbone infrastructure support Are easy to deploy Useful when infrastructure is absent, destroyed or impractical

Wireless Networks
Need: Access computing and communication services, on the move Infrastructure-based Networks
traditional cellular systems (base station infrastructure)

Wireless LANs
Infrared (IrDA) or radio links (Wavelan) very flexible within the reception area; ad-hoc networks possible low bandwidth compared to wired networks (1-1000 Mbit/s)

Ad hoc Networks
useful when infrastructure not available, impractical, or expensive military applications, rescue, home networking
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Cellular Wireless
Single hop wireless connectivity to the wired world
Space divided into cells A base station is responsible to communicate with hosts in its cell Mobile hosts can change cells while communicating Hand-off occurs when a mobile host starts communicating via a new base station

Multi-Hop Wireless
May need to traverse multiple links to reach destination

Mobility causes route changes

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Routing in MANET
No base station. No fixed infrastructure.

Traditional fixed networks routing schemes are not effective. E.g. Link state and distance vector routing algorithms
MANET nodes cooperate to provide routing service. A node communicates directly with nodes in wireless range. For all other destinations, a dynamically determined multi-hop route through other nodes. Rely on each other to forward packets to their destination.

Taxonomy - MANET routing

Communication model What is the wireless communication model? Structure Are all nodes treated uniformly? How are distinguished nodes selected?

State information Is network scale topology information obtained at each node?

Scheduling Is the route information always maintained at each destination?

Taxonomy Communication model

Multi-channel communication Combine channel assignment and routing functionality Generally used in TDMA or CSMA based networks E.g. Clusterhead Gateway Switched Routing Single channel communication Generally CSMA/CA oriented protocols Vary in the extent to which they rely on specific link-layer behaviors like failure detection, traffic information etc. E.g. Dynamic Source Routing, Global State Routing

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Taxonomy - Structure
Uniform protocols No hierarchical structure. Send and respond to routing control messages the same way. Save resource cost in maintaining high-level structure Scalability may become an issue Non-Uniform protocols Reduces no. of nodes participating in a route computation. Improve scalability Reduce communication overhead. Support use of greater computational complexity.

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Taxonomy Structure (contd.)

Further categories of non-uniform protocols Neighbor selection protocol

Some nodes take on distinguished role. No negotiation process. No consensus with neighbors. Not affected by non-local topological changes.

Partitioning protocol

Nodes negotiate a topological partitioning into clusters. Distributed operation. No central topology manager. Roles could be cluster-head or gateway between two clusters.

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Taxonomy State Information

Topology based Protocols Exchange large scale (complete) topology information Variants of link-state protocols

Less frequent data exchange Apply expensive computation to a few nodes.

Destination based Protocols Exchange local topology information (e.g. 1 or 2-hop ) Most are variants of distance-vector protocols. Others avoid exchange of distance information.

Maintain information only for active destination.

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Taxonomy Scheduling
Proactive protocols

Traditional distributed shortest-path protocols Maintain routes between every host pair at all times
Exchange route information Periodically In response to topology change Minimizes delay in obtaining a route Consumes significant network resources due to periodic updates, i.e., High routing overhead

Example: DSDV (destination sequenced distance vector)

Reactive protocols

Determine route if and when needed Source initiates route discovery

2 step process Route Discovery Route Maintenance Route discovery is expensive

Hybrid protocols
Adaptive; Combination of proactive and reactive Example: DSR (dynamic source routing) Example : ZRP (zone routing protocol) 14

Many Applications
Personal area networking
cell phone, laptop, ear phone, wrist watch

Military environments
soldiers, tanks, planes

Civilian environments
taxi cab network meeting rooms sports stadiums boats, small aircraft

Emergency operations
search-and-rescue policing and fire fighting

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Challenges in Mobile Environments

Limitations of the Wireless Network
packet loss due to transmission errors variable capacity links frequent disconnections/partitions limited communication bandwidth Broadcast nature of the communications

Limitations Imposed by Mobility

dynamically changing topologies/routes lack of mobility awareness by system/applications

Limitations of the Mobile Computer

short battery lifetime limited capacities
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Effect of mobility on the protocol stack

Application
new applications and adaptations

Transport
congestion and flow control

Network
addressing and routing

Link
media access and handoff

Physical
transmission errors and interference

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Medium Access Control in MANET

Can we apply media access methods from fixed networks? Example CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection send as soon as the medium is free, listen into the medium if a collision occurs (original method in IEEE 802.3)

Medium access problems in wireless networks

signal strength decreases proportional to the square of the distance sender would apply Carrier Sense (CS) and Collision Detection (CD), but the collisions happen at the receiver sender may not hear the collision, i.e., CD does not work CS might not work, e.g. if a terminal is hidden
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Hidden and Exposed Terminals

Hidden terminals
A sends to B, C cannot receive A C wants to send to B, C senses a free medium (CS fails) collision at B, A cannot receive the collision (CD fails) A is hidden for C

Exposed terminals
B sends to A, C wants to send to another terminal (not A or B) C senses carrier, finds medium in use and has to wait A is outside the radio range of C, therefore waiting is not necessary C is exposed to B
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Routing
A router receives a packet from a network and passes it to another network. At the Router a Routing Table is maintained which may be Static or Dynamic. A router is usually attached to several networks. When it receives a packet, to which network should it pass the packet? The decision is based on optimization: which of the available pathways is the optimum pathway? Routing is the act of moving information across an internetwork from a source to a destination. Along the way, at least one intermediate node typically is encountered. Routing involves two basic activities: determining optimal routing paths and transporting information groups (typically called packets) through an internetwork.
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Continue Continue

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Routing Example
A To A B C D E D To A B C D E Cost Next 0 5 2 3 6 C As Table Cost 3 8 5 0 9 Ds Table Next A A A

A 2 3 D

5 4

B 3 4 Next A -

C C To Cost A 2 B 4 C 0 D 5 E 4 Cs Table

B To A B C D E E E To A B C D E

Cost Next 5 0 4 8 A 3 Bs Table Next C C -

Cost 6 3 4 9 0 22 Es Table

Continue
Routing is often contrasted with bridging, which might seem to accomplish precisely the same thing to the casual observer. The primary difference between the two is that bridging occurs at Layer 2 (the data link layer) of the OSI reference model, whereas routing occurs at Layer 3 (the network layer). This distinction provides routing and bridging with different information to use in the process of moving information from source to destination, so the two functions accomplish their tasks in 23 different ways.

Continue
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has developed a hierarchical terminology that is useful in describing routing. Using this terminology, network devices without the capability to forward packets between subnetworks are called end systems (ESs), whereas network devices with these capabilities are called intermediate systems (ISs). ISs are further divided into those that can communicate within routing domains (intradomain ISs) and those that communicate both within and between routing domains (interdomain ISs).
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Continue
A routing domain generally is considered a portion of an internetwork under common administrative authority that is regulated by a particular set of administrative guidelines. An autonomous system (AS) is a group of networks and routers under the authority of a single administration. Routing inside an autonomous system is referred to as intradomain routing. Routing between autonomous systems is referred to as interdomain routing. Each autonomous system can choose one or more intradomain routing protocols to handle routing inside the autonomous systems.
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Autonomous Systems
R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1

R1 R1

R1 R1 R1 R1

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Routing and Mobility

Finding a path from a source to a destination Issues
Frequent route changes amount of data transferred between route changes may be much smaller than traditional networks Route changes may be related to host movement Low bandwidth links

Goal of routing protocols

decrease routing-related overhead find short routes find stable routes (despite mobility)
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Protocol Trade-offs
Reactive protocols
Lower overhead since routes are determined on demand Significant delay in route determination Employ flooding (global search) Control traffic may be bursty

Which approach achieves a better trade-off depends on the traffic and mobility patterns

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Reactive Routing Protocols

Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
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The Routing Problem

S
S D

The

routing problem is to find a route from S to D when some or all of the nodes are mobile.

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Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

When node S wants to send a packet to node D, but does not know a route to D, node S initiates a route discovery Source node S floods Route Request (RREQ) Each node appends own identifier when forwarding RREQ

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Route Discovery in DSR

Y

Z
S B A H I C G K D N E F M L

Represents a node that has received RREQ for D from S

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Route Discovery in DSR

Broadcast transmission Y

[S]
S B A H I C G D K E F M

Represents transmission of RREQ [X,Y] Represents list of identifiers appended to RREQ

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Route Discovery in DSR

Y

Z
S B A H I C [S,C] G D K N E [S,E] F M L

Node H receives packet RREQ from two neighbors: potential for collision
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Route Discovery in DSR

Y

Z
S B A H I C G D [S,C,G] K N E F [S,E,F] M L

Node C receives RREQ from G and H, but does not forward it again, because node C has already forwarded RREQ once
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Route Discovery in DSR

Y

Z
S B A H I C G D K [S,C,G,K] N E F [S,E,F,J] M L

Nodes J and K both broadcast RREQ to node D Since nodes J and K are hidden from each other, their transmissions may collide

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Route Discovery in DSR

Y

Z
S B A H I C G D K N E F [S,E,F,J,M]

Node D does not forward RREQ, because node D is the intended target of the route discovery

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Route Discovery in DSR

Destination D on receiving the first RREQ, sends a Route Reply (RREP) RREP is sent on a route obtained by reversing the route appended to received RREQ RREP includes the route from S to D on which RREQ was received by node D

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Route Reply in DSR

Y

Z
S B A H I C G D K N E RREP [S,E,F,J,D] F M L

Represents RREP control message

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Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

Node S on receiving RREP, caches the route included in the RREP When node S sends a data packet to D, the entire route is included in the packet header
hence the name source routing

Intermediate nodes use the source route included in a packet to determine to whom a packet should be forwarded

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Data Delivery in DSR

Y

DATA [S,E,F,J,D]
S B A H I C G D K E F M

Packet header size grows with route length

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DSR Optimization: Route Caching

Each node caches a new route it learns by any means When node S finds route [S,E,F,J,D] to node D, node S also learns route [S,E,F] to node F When node K receives Route Request [S,C,G] destined for node, node K learns route [K,G,C,S] to node S When node F forwards Route Reply RREP [S,E,F,J,D], node F learns route [F,J,D] to node D When node E forwards Data [S,E,F,J,D] it learns route [E,F,J,D] to node D A node may also learn a route when it overhears Data Problem: Stale caches may increase overheads
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Dynamic Source Routing: Advantages

Routes maintained only between nodes who need to communicate

reduces overhead of route maintenance

Route caching can further reduce route discovery overhead

A single route discovery may yield many routes to the destination, due to intermediate nodes replying from local caches

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Dynamic Source Routing: Disadvantages

Packet header size grows with route length due to source routing

Flood of route requests may potentially reach all nodes in the network
Potential collisions between route requests propagated by neighboring nodes
insertion of random delays before forwarding RREQ

Increased contention if too many route replies come back due to nodes replying using their local cache
Route Reply Storm problem

Stale caches will lead to increased overhead

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