IBM Global Services
ABAP Open SQL Extensions
ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Objectives
The participants will be able to:
Describe how to use the following in an ABAP Program:
SELECT DISTINCT Statement Dynamic WHERE Clause Concatenate Statement Join (Inner vs. Left Outer)
Aliases
ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
The SELECT DISTINCT Statement
REPORT YAP00007. DATA: CNTRY TYPE YTABNA-COUNTRY. SELECT DISTINCT COUNTRY FROM Ytabna INTO (CNTRY).
WRITE: / CNTRY.
ENDSELECT. Using SELECT DISTINCT, it is possible to eliminate duplicate rows from the result set.
ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
SELECT Using Aggregate Functions
REPORT YAP00008. DATA: TOTAL TYPE I, MAX_SALES TYPE YTABNA-SALES, AVG_SALES TYPE YTABNA-SALES, MIN_SALES TYPE YTABNA-SALES.
SELECT COUNT( DISTINCT COUNTRY ) MAX( SALES ) AVG( SALES ) MIN( SALES ) FROM ytabna INTO (TOTAL, MAX_SALES, AVG_SALES, MIN_SALES) WHERE COUNTRY <> SPACE.
WRITE: / Table ytabna Statistics, / TOTAL, Different Countries, /8 MIN_SALES, Lowest Sales, /8 AVG_SALES, Average Sales, /8 MAX_SALES, Highest Sales.
ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
The Dynamic WHERE Clause
REPORT YAP00009. PARAMETERS: WHERECL1(72) DEFAULT COUNTRY = USA , WHERECL2(3) DEFAULT OR, WHERECL3(72) DEFAULT COUNTRY = GB . TYPE: BEGIN OF ITAB_RECORD, TEXT(72) TYPE C, END OF ITAB_RECORD. DATA: WHERE_ITAB TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF ITAB_RECORD INITIAL SIZE 3, WA_WHERE_ITAB TYPE ITAB_RECORD, WA_YTABNA TYPE YTABNA. WA_WHERE_ITAB-TEXT = WHERECL1. APPEND WA_WHERE_ITAB TO WHERE_ITAB. CLEAR WA_WHERE_ITAB. WA_WHERE_ITAB-TEXT = WHERECL2. APPEND WA_WHERE_TAB TO WHERE_ITAB. CLEAR WA_WHERE_TAB. WA_WHERE_ITAB-TEXT = WHERECL3. APPEND WA_WHERE_TAB TO WHERE_ITAB. SELECT * FROM YTABNA INTO WA_YTABNA WHERE (WHERE_ITAB). WRITE: / WA_TABNA-COUNTRY, WA_TABNA-ID. ENDSELECT.
5 ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
The parameters entered make up the contents of the WHERE clause. The user has the option of changing the conditions and dynamically effecting which way the program will execute.
An internal table is created which holds the WHERE clause until it is used in the SELECT statement.
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
CONCATENATE Statement
REPORT YAP00010. PARAMETERS: WHERECL1(72) DEFAULT COUNTRY = USA , WHERECL2(3) DEFAULT OR, WHERECL3(72) DEFAULT COUNTRY = GB .
TYPE: BEGIN OF ITAB_RECORD, TEXT(72), END OF ITAB_RECORD.
DATA: WHERE_ITAB TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF ITAB_RECORD INITIAL SIZE 3, WA_WHERE_ITAB TYPE ITAB_RECORD, WA_YTABNA TYPE YTABNA, IT_YTABNA TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF YTABNA. CONCATENATE WHERECL1 WHERECL2 WHERECL3 INTO WA_WHERE_ITAB-TEXT SEPARATED BY SPACE. APPEND WA_WHERE_ITAB TO WHERE_ITAB. SELECT * FROM ytabna INTO TABLE IT_YTABNA WHERE (WHERE_ITAB). LOOP AT IT_YTABNA INTO WA_YTABNA. WRITE: / WA_YTABNA-COUNTRY, WA_YTABNA-ID ENDLOOP.
CONCATENATE <source field 1> <source field 2> <source field 3> : : <source field n> INTO <target field> SEPARATED BY <constant>.
ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Variations on the INTO Clause
SELECT * FROM <dbtable> REPORT YAP00011. INTO TABLE <internal table> PACKAGE SIZE <n>. DATA: ITAB TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF ENDSELECT. ytabna INITIAL SIZE 5, WA_ITAB TYPE ytabna. SELECT * FROM ytabna INTO TABLE ITAB PACKAGE SIZE 5. LOOP AT ITAB INTO WA_ITAB. WRITE: / WA_ITAB-COUNTRY, WA_ITAB-ID. ENDLOOP. ENDSELECT.
ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Specifying the Table Name at Runtime
REPORT YAP00012. PARAMETERS: TAB_NAME(6) DEFAULT TABNA'.
DATA: TABLE_LINE(240).
SELECT * FROM (TAB_NAME) INTO TABLE_LINE. WRITE: / TABLE_LINE.
ENDSELECT.
ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Demonstration
Using a dynamic select statement in a custom ABAP program.
ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Practice
Using a dynamic select statement in a custom ABAP program.
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
CURSOR Processing
OPEN CURSOR [WITH HOLD] <cursor name> FOR <SELECT statement>.
FETCH NEXT CURSOR <cursor name> INTO <work area>.
CLOSE CURSOR <cursor name>.
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Declaring and OPENing a CURSOR
REPORT YAP00013. When defining a CURSOR, DATA: TABCUR TYPE CURSOR, it must be declared with the BEGIN OF YTABNA_WA, data type of CURSOR. NAME1 TYPE YTABNA-NAME1, COUNTRY TYPE YTABNA-COUNTRY, END OF YTABNA_WA. When OPENing the CURSOR, the associated SELECT statement is executed DO. FETCH NEXT CURSOR TABCUR INTO YTABNA_WA. with the result set created and stored in IF SY-SUBRC <> 0. memory. CLOSE CURSOR TABCUR. EXIT. ELSE. WRITE: / YTABNA_WA-COUNTRY, YTABNA_WA-NAME1. ENDIF. ENDDO. OPEN CURSOR TABCUR FOR SELECT NAME1 COUNTRY FROM ytabna.
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
FETCHing Records from a CURSOR
REPORT YAP00013. DATA: TABCUR TYPE CURSOR, BEGIN OF YTABNA_WA, NAME1 TYPE YTABNA-NAME1, COUNTRY TYPE YTABNA-COUNTRY, END OF YTABNA_WA. OPEN CURSOR TABCUR FOR SELECT NAME1 COUNTRY FROM ytabna.
The FETCH statement retrieves the rows from the CURSOR one by one until there are no more rows left.
DO. FETCH NEXT CURSOR TABCUR INTO YTABNA_WA. IF SY-SUBRC <> 0. CLOSE CURSOR TABCUR. After the FETCH is executed, the SY-SUBRC is EXIT. tested. Zero indicates a successful retrieval; ELSE. indicates there are no more rows. WRITE: / YTABNA_WA-COUNTRY,Four ytabna-NAME1. ENDIF. ENDDO.
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
CLOSING the CURSOR
REPORT YAP00013. DATA: TABCUR TYPE CURSOR, BEGIN OF YTABNA_WA, NAME1 TYPE YTABNA-NAME1, COUNTRY TYPE YTABNA-COUNTRY, END OF YTABNA_WA. OPEN CURSOR TABCUR FOR SELECT NAME1 COUNTRY FROM ytabna.
When CURSOR processing is completed, the CURSOR should be closed with the CLOSE CURSOR statement.
DO. FETCH NEXT CURSOR TABCUR INTO YTABNA_WA. IF SY-SUBRC <> 0. CLOSE CURSOR TABCUR. EXIT. ELSE. WRITE: / YTABNA_WA-COUNTRY, ytabna-NAME1. ENDIF. ENDDO.
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Demonstration
Using cursor in a program to retrieve data from a database table .
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Practice
Using cursor in a program to retrieve data from a database table .
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Joins: Why we should use them ?
Joins are more efficient than logical databases and nested selects. They access multiple tables with one select statement.
17 ABAP Open SQL Extensions | Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Inner Joins
SCARR SFLIGHT
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Inner Joins Syntax
SELECT <table1~field1 table1~field2 table2~field3. . . > INTO (<target >) FROM <table1 > INNER JOIN <table2 > ON <table1~keyfield1 > = <table2~keyfield1 > AND <table1~keyfield2 > = <table2~keyfield2 > AND . . . WHERE . . . ENDSELECT.
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
The Driving table
SELECT scarr~carrname sflight~carrid sflight~connid sflight~fldate INTO (carrid, connid, date, carrname) FROM scarr INNER JOIN sflight ON scarr~carrid = sflight~carrid. WRITE: / carrid, connid, date, carrname. ENDSELECT.
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Left Outer Joins
SCARR
SFLIGHT
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Left Outer Join Syntax
SELECT <table1~field1 table1~field2 table2~field3. . . > INTO (<target >) FROM <table1 > LEFT OUTER JOIN <table2 > ON <table1~keyfield1 > = <table2~keyfield1 > AND <table1~keyfield2 > = <table2~keyfield2 > AND . . . WHERE . . . ENDSELECT.
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Open SQL Syntax Restrictions
The syntax for joins have been given certain restrictions in order to ensure that they produce the same results for all SAP supported databases.
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Redundancy
LFA1
BSIK
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Joins Accessing More than Two Tables
SELECT <table1~field1 table1~field2 table2~field3. . . > INTO (<target >) FROM (<table1 > INNER JOIN <table2 > ON <table1~keyfield1 > = <table2~keyfield1 > AND <table1~keyfield2 > = <table2~keyfield2 > AND . . .) INNER JOIN <table3 > ON <table1~keyfield > = <table3~keyfield > AND . . . WHERE . . . ENDSELECT.
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Aliases
SELECT A~carrname B~carrid B~connid B~fldate INTO (carrid, connid, date, carrname) FROM scarr AS A INNER JOIN sflight AS B ON scarr~carrid = sflight~carrid. WRITE: / carrid, connid, date, carrname. ENDSELECT.
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Subquery
SCARR SFLIGHT
Which airlines are not found in the sflight table?
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Subquery Syntax/Example
SELECT * FROM scarr WHERE NOT carrid IN ( SELECT carrid FROM sflight ). WRITE:/ scarr-carrid, scarr-carrname. ENDSELECT.
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Having Clause
List all Luftansa CONNIDs where the sum of LUGGWEIGHT is < 20,000.
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Having Clause Syntax/Example
SELECT carrid connid COUNT( *) SUM( luggweight ) INTO (carrid, connid, count, sum_weight) FROM sbook WHERE carrid = 'LH' GROUP BY carrid connid HAVING SUM( luggweight ) > 25. WRITE:/ carrid, connid, count, sum_weight. ENDSELECT.
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Demonstration
Using JOIN in select statement of a custom ABAP program retrieve data from two or more related database tables.
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Practice
Using JOIN in select statement of a custom ABAP program retrieve data from two or more related database tables.
32
ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Summary
SELECT DISTINCT option is used to return only one record for each unique occurrence of data in a column based on a field name. Aggregate functions MIN, MAX, AVG, SUM, and COUNT are a valuable tool for accumulating values across the entire table or a subset of the table rows based on the conditions in the WHERE clause. WHERE clause can be created at runtime and can be created by the user using parameters. It is possible to use the ORDER BY PRIMARY KEY, but not ORDER BY any other field. CURSOR processing enables the programmer to execute SELECT statements that produce multiple row result sets then read/process each row of the result set sequentially.
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Summary (Contd.)
The CURSOR data type is then associated with a SELECT from a database table in the OPEN statement. Individual rows of the result set are processed using a FETCH statement sequentially until the end of the table is reached. CURSOR processing is terminated using the CLOSE CURSOR statement. At that point the result set is destroyed. Joins have the advantage of accessing multiple tables with one Select statement, thereby reducing the amount of server overhead. Sub queries are a more efficient method of performing complex select statements.
HAVING must be used with aggregate expressions.
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
IBM Global Services
Questions
What are the aggregate functions? And why these are used in the select statement? What is the purpose of using CONCATENATE statement? What are the different steps of cursor processing? How data can be retrieved from two or multiple related database table in single select?
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ABAP Open SQL Extensions |
Dec-2008
2005 IBM Corporation
