Module 1 Introduction to Engineering Materials
Sanjib Jaypuria, SME, KIIT University
Introduction Stone Age: Naturally accessible materials, i.e. stone, wood, bone, fur
Gold was the 1st metal used by the mankind followed by copper
Bronze Age: Copper and its alloy like bronze Iron Age: Iron (sponge iron & later pig iron) 1960s Design New Materials Number of Materials Engineering Materials Choice of Material New Products 40 80,000! Metals
General Definition of Material According to Websters dictionary, materials are defined as substances of which something is composed or made
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Engineering Material: Part of inanimate matter, which is useful to engineer in the practice of his profession (used to produce products according to the needs and demand of society) Material Science: Primarily concerned with the search for basic knowledge about internal structure, properties and processing of materials and their complex interactions/relationships Material Engineering: Mainly concerned with the use of
fundamental and applied knowledge of materials, so that they may
be converted into products, as needed or desired by the society (bridges materials knowledge from basic sciences to engineering disciplines)
Note: Material science is the basic knowledge end of materials knowledge spectrum, where as, material engineering is applied knowledge end and there is no demarcation line between the two subjects of interest
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Evolution of Engineering Materials
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Why Material Science & Engineering is important to technologists? Examples: Mechanical engineers search for high temp material so that gas turbines, jet engines etc can operate more efficiently and wear resistance materials to manufacture bearing materials Electrical engineers search for materials by which electrical devices or machines can be operated at a faster rate with minimum power losses Aerospace & automobile engineers search for materials having high strength-to-weight ratio Electronic engineers search for material that are useful in the fabrication & miniaturization of electronic devices Chemical engineers search for highly corrosion-resistant materials Note: All these demands may be fulfilled when the internal structure and engineering properties are known to an engineer or technologist
Sanjib Jaypuria, SME, KIIT University
Classification It is the systematic arrangement or division of materials into groups on the basis of some common characteristic 1. According to General Properties 2. According to Nature of Materials
3. According to Applications
Sanjib Jaypuria, SME, KIIT University
1. According to General Properties (a). Metals (e.g. iron, aluminium, copper, zinc, lead, etc) Iron as the base metal, and range from plain carbon (> 98 % Fe) to
(i). Ferrous: high alloy steel (< 50 % alloying elements), e.g. cast
iron, wrought iron, steel, alloys like high-speed steel, spring steel, etc
(ii). Non-Ferrous: Rest of the all other metals and their alloys, e.g.
copper, aluminium, zinc lead, alloys like brass, bronze, duralumin, etc (b). Non-Metals (e.g. leather, rubber, asbestos, plastics, etc)
Sanjib Jaypuria, SME, KIIT University
2. According to Nature of Materials (a). Metals: e.g. Iron & Steel, Alloys & Superalloys, Intermetallic
Compounds, etc
(b). Ceramics: e.g. Structural Ceramics (high-temperature load bearing), Refractories (corrosion-resistant, insulating), Whitewares
(porcelains), Glass, Electrical Ceramics (capacitors, insulators,
transducers), Chemically Bonded Ceramics (cement & concrete) (c).Polymers: e.g. Plastics, Liquid Crystals, Adhesives (d). Electronic Materials: e.g. Silicon, Germanium, Photonic
materials (solid-state lasers, LEDs)
Sanjib Jaypuria, SME, KIIT University
(e). Composites: e.g. Particulate composites (small particles
embedded in a different material), Laminate composites (golf club
shafts, tennis rackets), Fiber reinforced composites (fiberglass) (f). Biomaterials: e.g. Man-made proteins (artificial bacterium),
Biosensors, etc
(g). Advanced / Smart Materials: e.g. materials in computers (VCRs, CD Players, etc), fibreoptic systems, optical spacecrafts, fibres,
aircrafts, rockets, shape-memory alloys, piezoelectric ceramics,
magnetostrictive materials, microelectromechanical (MEMs) devices, electrorheological / magnetorheological fluids, Nanomaterials, etc
Sanjib Jaypuria, SME, KIIT University
3. According to Applications
(a). Electrical Materials: e.g. conductors, insulators, dielectrics,
etc (b). Electronic Materials: e.g. conductors, semi-conductors, etc (c). Magnetic Materials: e.g. ferromagnetic, paramagnetic & diamagnetic materials, etc (d). Optical Materials: e.g. glass, quartz, etc (e). Bio Materials: e.g. man-made proteins, artificial bacterium
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Engineering Materials
Metals Ferrous
Ceramics
Polymers Thermoplastic ABS Acrylic Nylon Polyethylene Polystyrene Vinyl
Composites Carbon Fiber Ceramic Matrix Glass Fiber Metal Matrix
Electronic Materials Silicon Germanium Photonic Materials Solid-State Lasers LEDs
BioMaterials Man-Made Proteins Artificial Bacterium Biosensors
Alumina Diamond Magnesia Cast Iron Silicon Carbon Steels Carbide Alloy Steels Zirconia Stainless Steels
NonFerrous Aluminium Brass Bronze Copper Lead Magnesium Nickel Tin Zinc Titanium
Advanced / Smart Materials Shape-Memory Alloys Piezoelectric Ceramics Magnetostrictive Materials Optical Fibres Electrorheological Fluids Nanomaterials
Thermosetting Elastomers Epoxy Phenolic Polyester Butyl Fluorocarbon Neoprene Rubber Silicone
Classification of Engineering Materials
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Difference between Metals & Non-Metals
Property Structure State Luster Metals Crystalline Generally solids temp. Metallic luster at Non-Metals Amorphic room Gaseous & solid at ordinary temp. No metallic luster (except iodine & graphite)
Conductivity
Malleability Ductility Hardness Electrolysis Excitation of valence electron by e.m.f. Density
Good conductors of heat & Bad conductors electricity
Malleable Ductile Generally hard Form anions Easy Not malleable Not ductile Hardness varies Form anioins Difficult
High
Low
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Procedure for Selection of Materials (Engineering Applications) Analysis of material application problem Translation of material application requirements to material property values Selection of candidate materials Evaluation of candidate materials Decision making
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Factors Affecting Material Selection
1. Material Performance (depend upon material properties): Adequate properties for anticipated operating conditions / performance
2. Constraints : Design, Availability, Cost etc
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1. Material Performance Physical: e.g. appearance, shape, weight, boiling point, melting
point, freezing point, density, glass transition temperature,
permeability Mechanical: e.g. strength (tensile, compressive, shear, torsion,
bending), elasticity, plasticity, ductility, malleability, rigidity,
toughness, hardness, brittleness, impact, fatigue, creep, strain hardening, Bauschinger effect, strain rate effect, vibration
resistance, wear
Thermal: e.g. thermal conductivity, expansion coefficient,
resistivity, thermal shock resistance, thermal diffusivity
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Types of Force / Stress System
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Electrical: e.g. conductivity, resistivity, dielectric strength, thermoelectricity, superconductivity, electric hysteresis Magnetic: e.g. ferromagnetism, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, magnetic permeability, coercive force, curie temperature, magnetic hysteresis Chemical: e.g. reactivity, corrosion resistance, polymerization, composition, acidity, alkalinity Optical: e.g. reflectivity, refractivity, absorptivity, transparency, opaqueness, color, luster
Metallurgical: e.g. grain size, heat treatment done / required,
anisotropy, hardenability
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2. Constraints Design Requirements
Existing Facilities
Availability Compatibility Marketability Manufacturability (Fabricability / Castability / Formability / Machinability / Weldability) Cost (Material + Fabrication / Manufacturing)
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Others Factors Affecting Material Performance
Structure-property -Processing Relationships Hot Work, Cold Work,
Solid Solution Strengthening
Precipitation Hardening Inclusions Imperfections (Number of Dislocations) Crystal structures: Crystalline vs Amorphous Toughening Heat treatment (Annealing, Normalizing, Quenching) Residual Stresses
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Investigating relationship between Structure & Properties
Materials Engineering Designing the structure to achieve the specific properties of the materials Processing Materials Science Investigating the relationship between structure and properties of the materials Structure Properties Performance
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Competition among Materials Factors causing material replacement: Cost (breakthrough in processing cost) & development of new materials with specific properties for some specific applications Usage of material in US automobiles
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