INTRODUCTION
Life
tables are used by demographers, public health workers, actuaries, and many others in studies of mortality, longevity, fertility, marriage, migration, and population growth, as well as in making projections of population, and in many other areas
HISTORY
John
Graunts Natural and Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality(1662)Implications of information obtained from christening and death lists in London Halleys presentation of the Breslau (Wroclaw, Poland) life table (1693)
Edmund
Deparcieuxs series of life tables for annuitants and monastic orders (1746) Lowell Reed and Margaret Merrells new technique to estimate the life table probability of dying within an interval from the age-specific death rates (1939)
Antoine
T.N.E.
Grevilles development of another technique to estimate the life table probability of dying within an interval from the age-specific death rate (1943)
Life
table is also known as Mortality table or Actuarial table. table is a table which shows, for a person at each age, what the probability is that they die before their next birthday (PROBABILITY OF DEATH)
Life
Uses Of Life Table
Biology
Epidemiology
USES OF LIFE TABLE
Analysis
of mortality Measurement of morbidity and health Analysis of mortality by causes of death Future projections of life expectancy Life table survival rates Estimation of migration Insurance sector Evaluation of different public health programmes Resource allocations
INFERENCES FROM LIFE TABLES
The Probability of surviving any particular years of age. The Remaining life expectancy for people at different ages. The Proportion of the Original birth cohort still alive.
TYPES OF LIFE TABLE
1.
Periodic or Static life Tables :- Shows the current probability of death (for people of different ages, in current year.) Cohort Life Tables :- Shows the probability of death of people from a given cohort (especially Birth year) over the course of their life time.
2.
OTHER TYPES OF LIFE TABLE
Complete
Life Table: It is made for every single year of age from birth to the last applicable age. Ex:0,1,2,3,4,,70+
Abridged Life Table: It is made for age intervals of 5 to 10 years up to last applicable age. Ex:0,1-4,5-9,10-1470+
CONSTUCTION OF A LIFE TABLE:
To construct a Life Table, two things are required: Population living at all individual ages in a selected year. Number of deaths that occurred in these ages during the selected year.
1.
2.
COLUMNS OF A COMPLETE LIFE TABLE:
The basic columns of a complete life table are:
AGE Number Started Life Number Died No. Of Person years Lived Total Personyears Lived Expectati on of life
lx
dx
Lx
Tx
ex
COLUMN 1: AGE
Column X indicates the age at which cohorts start life such as at birth indicated by 0 or at any age after that such as at age 1, age 2, and so on.
COLUMN 2: lx
Column lx gives the number that started life at any particular age such as 1,00,000 at birth, 90,000 survivors at age 2 and so on.
COLUMN 3: dx
Column dx is the number died in each year, such as 10,000 in the first year. This number is found at the specific mortality rate of each year. For e.g., in the first year from age 0 to age 1, 10,000 died at the infant mortality rate of 100 per 1000.
COLUMN 4: LX
This column gives the estimated total no. of person - years lived by the cohort at each age. It will always be more than the survivors at the end of any particular year because all do not die in the beginning of the year.
COLUMN 5: TX
This column gives the total no. of years lived till any age.
COLUMN 6: ex
The mean expectation or longevity of life i.e., average number of years a person is likely to live at age 0 or at any age after is denoted by ex.
ex =
Lx lx
COLUMNS OF AN ABRIDGED LIFE TABLE
The basic columns of An abridged life table are:
Age interv al (years ) (x, x+n)
nm x nqx
lx
ndx
nLx
Tx
ex
COLUMN 1: X TO X+N
The
period of life between two exact ages x and x+n. Ex:5-9,10-14etc.
COLUMN 2 nmx
This is the age specific mortality rate. This is essential to construct a life table.
COLUMN 3 : nQx
The
Probability of dying before reaching age x+n for a person who is of exact age x. Ex:10-14: 5q10, 15-19: 5q15
nQ x =
2n*nmx 2+ n*nmx
where
nmx
is the Age specific Mortality rate
COLUMN 4: LX
The
number of persons living at exact age x. Ex:10-14:l10, 15-19:l15
lx+n = lx - ndx
COLUMN 5: ndx
The
number of deaths between age x to
x+n.
Ex: 10-14: 5d10 , 15-19: 5d15
ndx =
lx
* nqx
COLUMN 6: nLx
The
number of persons year lived during the interval x and x+n. Ex: 10-14: 5L10 ,15-19: 5L15
nLx =
n / 2 * lx + lx+n
COLUMN 7: TX
The total number of persons years lived by the survivors lx in the future. Or Total life time after age x Ex: 15-19: T15
Tx = nLx + nLx+n + ............
COLUMN 8: e0x
The expectation of life at exact age x. Ex: 10-14: e010
0 ex
= Tx
lx
IMPORTANCE OF LIFE TABLE:
No.
of survivors At 5 years, the no, of children likely to enter primary school At 15 years, no. of women entering fertile period At 21 years. no. eligible for voting No. likely to die after life insurance or after joining service to budget for payment towards risk or pension.
IMPORTANCE OF LIFE TABLE:
Calculation
of expectation of life and comparison of mortality among communities. Population studies Survival rate after treatment Analysis by causes of death
STRENGTH-
m ea su r e of m or t a lit y pr ovidin g a n over a ll pict u r e of m or t a lit y, a llowin g coun t r ies a n d r egion s t o be com pa r ed.
o
WEAK N ES S It does not sa y m u ch a bout wh o is st ill a live, a n d t heir qu a lit y of life; for exa m ple, how m a n y yea r s a r e lived wit h disa bilit y befor e dyin g.
