Jess David Nicols Fabin

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CHATER 3 API RP 40
CORE SCREENING AND CORE PREPARATION

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CORE DESCRIPTION
The purpose of core examination and description is the recognition of lithological, depositional, structural, and diagenetic features of whole or slabbed core

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APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES

Equipment for use in standard descriptions of the core: a) Logging form for data collection b) Microscope or hand lens c) Length measurement scale

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d) Grain size scale

e) Appropriate chemicals
- Water or brine - Dilute HCl acid - Alizarin red - Hydrocarbon solvents

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f) Coring log, drilling report, mud logs, well site information on lost core g) Core gamma log

h) Ultraviolet light

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PRECAUTIONS
a) exposure of the samples to air and chemical should be avoided
b) Choose an appropriate logging format

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Procedures
a) Lay out the core to be analyzed on a viewing table.

b) Compruebe la cantidad de ncleo y analizar cualquier alteracin al ncleo

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c) Check the numbering and order of boxes

d) Check core continuity and orientation with respect to the top of the core.

e) Check the order of core segments in the boxes

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f) Measure and mark footage on each box. Mark core to the nearest 1/2 inch. g) If downhole gamma-ray logs are available, a comparison should be made with the core gamma-ray

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h) Assess the entire cored sequence before commencing.

i) Record major features

- Lithology
- Color. - Bedding - Sedimentary structures - Texture and Composition - Porosity types - Diagenetic and tectonic features - Note any oil stain and related fluorescence

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j) Minimize centimeter-by-centimeter descriptions. Some fine scale features may be very important k) Record nonreservoir rocks

i) Record fracture information

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CORE GAMMA LOGS AND CORE SPECTRAL GAMMA LOGS

The natural gamma ray radiation emitted from rocks varies with the lithology. The radiation comes from the radioactive decay of Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium, which are present as trace elements
La radiacin de rayos gamma natural emitido a partir de rocas vara con la litologa. La radiacin proviene de la desintegracin radiactiva del uranio, torio y potasio, que estn presentes como elementos traza.

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Apparatus
A typical detector system consists of a shielded scintillation crystal coupled with a photomultiplier.

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Procedures
a) Set the recorder readout to correspond to the scale used

b) Log the core gamma-ray response

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c) Core gamma-ray logging should be carried out smoothly d) Record a repeat section near the bottom of the core

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Advantages
Core gamma-ray logging is widely available and is used in general practice to correlate core depth with log depth.

Limitations
This technique is unable to detect low gamma-ray activity

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Calibration
The apparatus should be calibrated before evaluating any core material
Calibration should be done by measuring the gamma-ray response to calibration tubes containing pure samples

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Accuracy
The precision of the measurement varies with the square root of the count rate

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CORE IMAGING. Photography

This record will provide information that can be used if viewing of the core is not possible The record may include visual images of the surface features of the core using photographic techniques
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Principle
Ultraviolet light photography can highlight hydrocarbon-bearing zones by causing most oils to fluoresce in shades ranging from orange-brown

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Advantages
can be used to reconstruct damaged core pieces

Limitations
may require wetting the core surface for photography

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CORE IMAGING. X-Ray Techniques

Principle
X-ray techniques can be used to noninvasively examine the internal character of a core.
The utility of these methods relies on their sensitivity to density contrasts within the core

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Fluoroscopy
The beam, attenuated by the core, impinges on a fluorescent screen, is intensified, and is recorded by a video camera

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X-Radiography
During x-radiography, the core sample is stationary and provides a higher resolution image than the fluoroscopy method

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Computed Tomography (CT)

estructuras geolgicas internas tales como planos de estratificacin, fracturas y ndulos, cambios litolgicos, y densidad de masa

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Advantages
X-ray techniques provide quantified, objective representations of the core

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Limitations
Resolution of the images is less than that provided by photographs. X-ray attenuation may vary with mineralogy

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CORE IMAGING. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

Principle
NMR measurements are based on the observation that when the proper radio frequency excitation energy is applied to an ensemble of nuclei

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Advantages
Magnetic resonance images are noninvasive and provide an image showing fluid locations within a sample

Limitations
This technique is not descriptive of the core but of the liquids within the core
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CORE SAMPLING AND CORE PREPARATION (BASIC CORE ANALYSIS)

Principle
Sampling will generally take into account one or more of the following:

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a) Lithological distribution.

b) Porosity and permeability

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c) Distribution of hydrocarbons

Plug Samples
These plugs will provide data on matrix properties

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Full Diameter Samples

Full diameter samples (sections of whole core), in addition to plug samples, should be taken in the following types of zones :
a) Carbonatos "vuggy"

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b) Fractured reservoirs

c) Conglomerates

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Sample Cutting, Trimming, and Mounting

Principle
The core should be cut and trimmed to provide regularly shaped samples, most commonly right cylinders.

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Apparatus and Supplies

a) Large slab saw with a diamond blade

b) Trim saw with a diamond blade.

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c) Drill press with diamond-edged

d) Dressing wheel or saw e) Fluid pumps for delivering various coolants

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f) Indelible marking medium

g) Sleeves of lead, aluminum, or heat shrinkable plastic

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The following information should be available prior to cutting a) The total number of samples required b) Size and orientation needed

c) Exact depth locations

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d) Fluids to use for cutting samples

e) Available core images

f) materials for the preferred method of preservation

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Precautions
a) protective earplugs b) Lubricant/coolant flow should be sufficient to cool the drill

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Procedures
a) Plug samples
1. Drill plugs at specified points 2. Trim plugs to the required length 3. Label, preserve, and/or store samples, as required

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b) Full diameter samples

1. Cut sections of the core selected

2. Remove barbs and smooth chipped edges 3. Clearly mark the samples

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c) Unconsolidated samples
1. Stabilized cores

- Pre-cool the core with dry ice - Drill plugs at specified points
- Trim plugs to the required length - Mount plugs in a suitable - Label, preserve, and/or store

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2. Unstabilized cores Unfrozen cores can be cut using a plunge cut technique
-

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CORE CLEANING
Principle
The original fluids must be completely removed from the core sample

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Apparatus and Supplies

Some solvents used for hydrocarbon extraction purposes

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Precautions
The following precautions should be enforced a) establish appropriate safety and health practices

b) The solvent selected should not attack, alter, or destroy the structure of the sample

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c) Chloroform may hydrolyze during extraction d) Not all solvents are compatible with all extraction equipment configurations
e) Closed-type electrical heaters should be used

f) Extraction should be conducted under ventilating hoods

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g) Temperature effects on the samples should be considered

Procedures
a) Solvent Flushing by Direct Pressure
Extraction of hydrocarbons and salt from reservoir rocks can be achieved by injecting one or more solvents into the core sample under pressure and at room temperature ESCUELA DE INGENIERIA DE PETROLEOS

b) Flushing by Centrifuging
A centrifuge with a specially designed head is used to spray warm, clean solvent (from a still) against the core samples

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c) Gas-Driven Solvent Extraction

In this procedure, a core is subjected to repeated cycles of internal-dissolved or solution-gas drive until the core is cleaned of hydrocarbons

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d) Distillation Extraction Method

Extraction can be arranged in a manifold so that the oil-and water-laden solvent siphons from each extractor into a common still from which fresh solvent is continuously distilled, condensed

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e) Liquefied Gas Extraction

The process is a distillation extraction procedure that uses pressurized solvent to clean the core

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Advantages
Cleaning a core removes original fluids from the core

Limitations
Individual test conditions may require a particular technique for optimal results

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DRYING
Conventional core samples can be dried by the methods listed in Table

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Precautions
a) Samples containing clays must not be dehydrated during preparation b) Samples containing gypsum will require specific procedures during preparation

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c) Samples must be protected from erosion

d) The extraction technique should not physically damage the core e) The usual criterion for sample cleanliness is a clean extract
f) Samples containing heavy asphaltic oils may require the cycling of more than one solvent ESCUELA DE INGENIERIA DE PETROLEOS

g) More effective core cleaning can often be achieved h) Allow solvent laden samples to vent in a fume hood

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SAMPLE PRESERVATION
Preservation of samples in the laboratory will depend on the length of time between tests and the type of tests to be done

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