Radio Access
Johan Montelius
[email protected]
Shannon
C = W x log2(1 + S/N)
The capacity [C] in bits/s is directly proportional to the available bandwidth [W] and log2 proportional to the signal to noise ratio [S/N].
bandwidth & power
S/N = 1
8
Capacity increase
6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
S or W increase
increase W increase S
Attenuation in open space
Sr = S0/4r2
The signal strength at a distance [Sr] is directly proportional to the sending strength [S0] and indirectly proportional to square of the distance [r]
Real life
In urban environment the signal strength is proportional to 1/rk where k = 1,6 3,8
Distance costs
Sr = S/r3,5
0,035 0,030 0,025 0,020 0,015 0,010 0,005 0,000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 distance from sender
signal strength
S=1 S=2 S=4
Too bad for broadcast but good for cellular systems
Not a problem
good quality
detectable
What is interference
Rules of thumb
Bandwidth
most important factor to increase capacity
Power
will buy you distance but at a high cost
Noise
your own signal can be the worst problem
Divide the resources
Space
systems far apart dont interfere with each other
Frequency
modulate the signal to use a specified frequency band
Time
synchronize and allocate time slots
Code
Information coding
National/International regulations
ITU EU US
GSM 1800 MSS IMT 2000 UMTS
DECT
MDS PCS
Jp/Ko
China
GSM 1800
1800 1850
IMT 2000
IMT 2000
1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
Frequency division
By modulating a carrier frequency, the radiated power can be limited to a specified frequency range. The width of the range is the bandwidth of the carrier. A guard band is needed to protect adjacent carriers.
Frequency planning
A
B
C
3 cells per site typically used in urban environment
Frequency planning
4 sites, 3 cells per site
12 carriers needed B A E D
minimum distance
C
J K H G
F
A
Time division
Enabled by faster processors. A carrier is divided into time slots. Each channel is allocated a time slot. A guard period is needed between adjacent time slots
Timing advance
A sender must adjust its transmission to meet the time slot at the receiver. The farther away the earlier you send . The base station will tell you if your late or early.
a b B A
Locating a mobile terminal
500 m
What is left ?
when bandwidth is fixed and power is limited do the best modulation possible
Modulation
frequency modulation amplitude modulation phase modulation combination of above no modulation ?
Wireless systems
Often use a phase modulation Could change modulation depending on quality of signal Spectral efficiency
up to 2 bits raw data per Hz under good conditions aprx 0,5 to 1 bit user data per Hz limited by signal to noise ratio
How do we compare?
What is the maximum user capacity? What is the maximum capacity of a system? How many carriers do we have? What is the total capacity of a carrier? How many carriers can be used at any given point?
GSM
Each duplex carrier is 2x200 KHz wide 900
up 890-915 MHz down 935-960 MHz 124 duplex carriers 2x25MHz in total
1800
up 1710-1785 MHz down 1805-1880 MHz 374 duplex carriers 2x75MHz in total !!!!!
1900 (in the US)
up 1850-1910 MHz down 1930-1990 2x60MHz in total
GSM
Time division
8 time slots per carrier one carrier up one carrier down
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying HSCSD
Two or more time slots
(GMSK)
user bitrate 9,6 kb/s or 14,4 kb/s per timeslot raw bitrate 272 kb/s per carrier
Up and down
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
down up
The up link is delayed 3 slots in order to give the terminal time to adjust to the new frequency. Time slots 5 and 6 can be used to listen for better frequencies.
GPRS
Dynamically allocate time slots
normally 1:4 one up, four down
Data and voice can be combined Coding schemes (user data rates)
CS CS CS CS 1: 2: 3: 4: 9,05 13,4 15,6 21,4 kb/s kb/s kb/s kb/s total 72,4 kb/s total 107,2 kb/s total 124,8 kb/s total 171,2 kb/s
EDGE
Enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution Change the modulation to 8-PSK i.e. 3 bits per symbol User data rate
22,8 kb/s to 69,2 kb/s Total of 553 kb/s dont move
UMTS/WCDMA
Each paired carrier is 2x5MHz 1900-1980, 2010-2025, 2110-2170 MHz 155 MHz in total Unpaired carriers can be used using time-division duplex mode (TDD) A typical operator
Two or three paired, one unpaired Up to six operators share the spectrum
ISM 2.4 GHz
Industrial, Scientific and Medical
US 2400 24835 83,5MHz in total Japan 2400 2497 89,7MHz in total
Open for anyone, no license Limitation on power < 0.1W (<1W US) Using a spread spectrum technique
Spread spectrum
Why spread the signal over a wider spectrum?
more robust, will survive if part of the spectrum is noisy will allow other systems to operate in the same environment
Two techniques
frequency hopping direct sequence
Frequency Hopping
divide the spectrum into separate carriers
In ISM, FCC regulated at least 70 carriers
transmit and hop
In ISM, FCC regulates < 400 ms
a code determines where to hop
how do we synchronize?
low cost, low power, very robust
Direct Sequence
Increase the bandwidth by sending a pattern, chipping sequence, at a higher bitrate sequence can be static or dynamic
dynamic patterns are used in CDMA
high bitrate, robust
Bluetooth 1.1
Frequency hopping, GFSK modulation
Gaussian Frequency Shift Key
79 carriers of 1 MHz, 1600 hops per s Power
Class 1: 20dBm (100mW) range aprx 100m Class 2: 4dBm (2,5 mW) range aprx 10m Class 3: 0dbM (1 mW) range aprx 10 cm
Master & Slave
Master determines hopping sequence
Capacity 712 Kb/s per channel
802.11b
DSSS, BPSK (1Mbps) QPSK (11Mbps) ISM 2.4
US 11 carriers Europe (except France and Spain) 13 carriers Japan 14 carriers
Carrier
22 MHz wide can use 3 carriers without overlap!
802.11b
1 Mb/s using BPSK
Barker spread sequence of 11 bits
2 Mb/s using QPSK
Barker sequence of 11 bits
(22 Mb/s raw data)
5,5 and 11 Mb/s
QPSK, same as for 2Mb/s complementary code keying 1,375M symbols/s each symbol is 8 bits long (11 Mb/s raw data) each symbol represents 4 or 8 bits
802.11b
11 Mb/s 8 b/symbol 8 chips/symbol 1,375 Msymb/s QPSK
5,5 Mb/s 4 b/symbol 8 chips/symbol 1,375 Msymb/s QPSK
2 Mb/s 1 b/symbol
11 chips/symbol 2 Msymb/s QPSK
1 Mb/s 1 b/symbol
11 chips/symbol 1 Msymb/s BPSK
Code division
Same frequency can be used No cell planning How do we decode the message?
Code division: coding
1
message di -1
d1
d2
1 code cik -1
1 out zik -1
Zik= dik * cik
Code division: decoding
1
out zik -1
1
code cik -1
di =
1 m
S
m k=1
zikcik d1 =
1 8 (-1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) = -1
Code division: multiple senders
Da = -1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1 Ca = +1+1+1-1+1-1-1-1+1+1+1-1+1-1-1-1 Za = -1-1-1+1-1+1+1+1+1+1+1-1+1-1-1-1 Db = +1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1 Cb = +1-1+1+1+1-1+1+1+1-1+1+1+1-1+1+1 Zb = +1-1+1+1+1-1+1+1+1-1+1+1+1-1+1+1
Code division
Za = -1-1-1+1-1+1+1+1+1+1+1-1+1-1-1-1 Zb = +1-1+1+1+1-1+1+1+1-1+1+1+1-1+1+1
Zab= +0-2+0+2+0+0+2+2+2+0+2+0+2-2+0+0
Zab= +0-2+0+2+0+0+2+2+2+0+2+0+2-2+0+0 Ca = +1+1+1-1+1-1-1-1+1+1+1-1+1-1-1-1 ZCa= +0-2+0-2+0+0-2-2+2+0+2+0+1+2+0+0 Sa= -8/8 = -1 +8/8 = +1
UWB
Ultra wide band
More than 1.5 GHz or 20% of central frequency
Use low power, low enough to disappear in noise level of other systems Compensate by using large bandwidth, up to several GHz Distance is, due to low power, limited < 10 m
Shannon revisited
Shannons theorem sets a limit for one receiver listening to one message. What happens if we have several channels open, multiple receivers. Is there a limitation on capacity in space?
WCDMA
5 MHz carrier QPSK modulation 3,84 Mcps chipping rate
