Diagnosis Of A Case Of Anemia
Prof\ Sameh Shamaa Prof Of medical Oncology and Internal medicine Mansoura Faculty Of Medicine
Anemia
Def : Reduction in the concentration Of HB in the peripheral blood below the normal for the age and sex of the patient: <13 gm. /100 ml for adult male <11.5 gm./100 ml for adult female & infant <14 gm. /100 ml for new born
False Anemia
HB concentration
Normal
True Anemia
False Anemia
1- Preg. 2nd trimester 2- Large spleen 3- immunoglobulin
Classification
Depends on: I- Aetiology. 2- morphology of RBCs both are complementary
I- Anemia due to excess red cell loss: a) Post- haemorrhagic anemia - Acute haemorrhagic Anemia - Chronic Haemorrhagic Anemia b) Haemolytic anemia - corpuscular defect - Extra corpuscular defect
II- Anemia due to impaired red cell formation a) disturbance of B.M function due to deficiency of substances essential for erythropoiesis: - Substance essential for HB synthesis: - Iron deficiency anemia - Protein deficiency - Substance necessary for DNA synthesis : - Folic acid - B12
b) disturbance of B.M. function Not due to deficiency. of substances essential for erythopoiesis - due to B.M. infiltration - Aplastic Anemia
III- Anemia due to other causes : 1- endocrine disorders 2- renal failure 3- Infections 4- liver disease 5- malignant disease 6- collagen diseases
Clinical Picture
The symptoms and signs are due to: I: The anemia itself. II: The disorder causing the anemia.
I- Clinical picture of Anemia Whatever the cause:
A) Symptoms: - Generalized - C.V.S - CNS b) Signs : - Pallor - C.V.S : Tachycardia Murmurs
High C.O. state Congestive heart Failure
II- Clinical picture which may indicate the cause of anemia-:
1) History:
a) Present History : - Age and sex - Occupation - Rate of onset - History or blood loss - History or bleeding tendency
- History suggestive of hemolysis - History of drug intake - G.I.T symptoms - Bony pains - C.N.S paraesethia - Fever - Diet b) Social History c) Menstrual and Gynecologic History d) Family History
2) Examination:
a) -
General examination: Built Skin purpura, ecchymosis Conjunctiva Mouth Nails Blood pressure Bones Legs
B) C.V. examination : - Hypertension - Signs are usually secondary to anemia. - Presence of organic heart disease may suggest rheumatic activity or bacterial endocarditis C) Abdominal examination : - Splenomegaly - Hepatomegaly - Abdominal mass
3) Investigations :
I- Determination of the morphologic type : - Microcytic and or hypochromic . - Normochromic (Normocytic or microcytic). - Macrocytic (Megaloblastic or Normoblastic ).
According to : a) MCV b) MCHC c) Reticulocytic count
II- Discovery of the cause :
From:- history. - physical examination. - blood film examination. - Sometimes+ further special investigation.
A-Microcytic +/- hypochromic.
M.C. HC 32% and/or M.C.V 80N2 serum iron (60 ug or 70 ug ) TIBC serum iron (60 , 70 ug%) Abn.Hb with Retculocytes Sideroblastic (congenital)
TIBC TIBC Iron deficiency inflammatory Hb electrophoresis Iron stain of BM
(Thalassemia)
If iron deficiency anemia:
Search for a source of chronic blood loss: 1)In females: -Abnormal uterine bleeding;menorrhagia or contraceptive device. -Gynaecologic examination for fibroids or tumours. 2)G.I.bleeding: -Occult blood ,parasites. -Barium meal or upper endoscopy. -Colonoscopy or barium enema. 3)Less frequent causes:*Iron deficiency;malabsorption. *Chronic epistaxis or hematuria.
B-Normochromic Anemia with Reticulocytosis
Reticulocytes >120. 000/mm3 M.C.V. N. or slightly
Anemia with regeneration.
Normochromic Anemia with Reticulocytosis
1) signs of acute heamorrhage - epistaxis - h. melena - hemoptysis
Post hemorrhagic Anemia
Normochromic Anemia with Reticulocytosis
2) If No evidence of He but signs of hemolysis and/or : indirect bilirubin Haptoglobine
Hemolytic Anemia Search for the most commonacute causes: *Coombs test *G6PD *Blood culture (septicemia)*Malaria
Normochromic Anemia with Reticulocytosis
If (1),(2) are negative
- repair of certain anemias e.g tretment with B12 or folic - stopage of toxins fore erythropoises. e.g alcohol, chloramphenicol. - Rcent unnoticed Hemorrhage.
Normochromic Anemia with Reticulocytosis
Search for abnormalities Of RBCs in blood film Microspherocytosis other abnormalities in shape or size
family history and osmotic fiagility test
Hb electrophoresis
Normochromic Anemia with Reticulocytosis
if No abnormalities In R.B.C family history associated chronic disease presence of urinary pigmentation if Hb cirrhosis, S.L.E lymphatic leuk. Lymphoma. PNH Hams test
search for abn. - Hb - Enzyme - Membrane
repeat coomb,s
C-Aregenerative Non Microcytic Anemia:
i.e., Normochromic , Normocytic or macrocytic Anemias (MCV > 82 N2 , MCHC > 32% , reticulocytes < 120.000 ) If Hb < 8 gm., ret. Must be > 100.000 if ---- Aregenerative anemia But anenria must be > 1 week duration
Insufficient production by the marrow
History (alcoholism, drug's ); WBCs and, platelets (i.e., do blood film)
(1) Alcoholism mod.
Macrocytosis<110 Anemia of alcoholism
(2) Normocytic anemia Normal WBCs & Platelets
(3) No alcohol + macrocytosis Bone marrow aspiration
Creatinine, E.S.R., serum iron IBC Endocrinal manifestation:
(4) Neutropenia + Platelets abnormal cells B.M aspiration
Aregenerative Non Microcytic Anemia
Creatinine, E.S.R., serum iron IBC Endocrinal manifestation:
A Anemia of renal failure
B Endocrinal manifestation H. assay: e.g., myxoedema or panhypopituitrism
C Iron , TIBC + Fever= Infl. Anemia
If ve A, B, C
Do marrow aspiration
Indications of B.M aspiration
(In aregenerative non microcytic Anemias) A- if no apparent cause (No R.F, inflammation, Endocrinal manifestation) and no cause of hemodilution ( huge splenomegaly; abn. Ig. Or oedema measure the red cell mass) B- M.C.V. > 110N3 C- if + Neutropenia / Thrombocytopenia, or if there is abnormal cells
Marrow aspiration: the following possibilities:
1- No erythroblasts anerythroblastic anemia 2- megaloblasts . megaloblastic anemia 3-abn. cells B.M. infilteration 4- hypocellular marrow 5- Normal marrow 6-Malfornied erythroblasts: Dyserythropoiesis e.g.: - Antimeitotic drugs - Congenital - Refractory anemia
Marrow Biopsy
Infilteration Fibrosis Aplastic Normal
-Metastasis Medullany fibrosis aplastic anemia -CLL -ALL. Anemia with N. B.M -AML. -M.M. -NHL.
AREGENERATIVE MEGALOBLASTIC
1) Search for a cause of folic acid or B 12 deficiency:
-malnutrition -malabsorption -gastric resection. -relative deficiency: multipara chronic hemolytic anemias. -defect in utilization:alcoholism antifolic drugs.
For confirmation: Measure folic acid & B12 serum
AREGENERATIVE MEGALOBLASTIC
2) If no evident cause: Seach for pernicious anemia *schilling test *gastric acidity test + gastric endoscopy *folic and B12 serum levels If low B12,normal folic acid,+ve schilling= Pernicious anemia
AREGENERATIVE MEGALOBLASTIC
If not pernicious anemia: we have the following possibilities:
-low B12, N. folic= may be diphylobothrium L -low folic acid----> do malabsorption tests -N. B12 and folic----->refractory anemia
Thank You
