C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
Chapter 3: Input/Output
Objectives
In this chapter, you will: Learn what a stream is and examine input and output streams Explore how to read data from the standard input device Learn how to use predefined functions in a program Explore how to use the input stream functions get, ignore, putback, and peek
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 2
Objectives (continued)
Become familiar with input failure Learn how to write data to the standard output device Discover how to use manipulators in a program to format output Learn how to perform input and output operations with the string data type
Become familiar with file input and output
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
I/O Streams and Standard I/O Devices
I/O: sequence of bytes (stream of bytes) from source to destination
Bytes are usually characters, unless program requires other types of information
Stream: sequence of characters from source to destination Input stream: sequence of characters from an input device to the computer Output stream: sequence of characters from the computer to an output device
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 4
I/O Streams and Standard I/O Devices (continued)
Use iostream header file to extract (receive) data from keyboard and send output to the screen
Contains definitions of two data types:
istream - input stream ostream - output stream
Has two variables:
cin - stands for common input cout - stands for common output
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
I/O Streams and Standard I/O Devices (continued)
To use cin and cout, the preprocessor directive #include <iostream> must be used Variable declaration is similar to:
istream cin; ostream cout;
Input stream variables: type istream Output stream variables: type ostream
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
cin and the Extraction Operator >>
The syntax of an input statement using cin and the extraction operator >> is: The extraction operator >> is binary
Left-side operand is an input stream variable
Example: cin
Right-side operand is a variable
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
cin and the Extraction Operator >> (continued)
No difference between a single cin with multiple variables and multiple cin statements with one variable When scanning, >> skips all whitespace
Blanks and certain nonprintable characters
>> distinguishes between character 2 and number 2 by the right-side operand of >>
If type char or int (or double), the 2 is treated as a character or as a number 2
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 8
cin and the Extraction Operator >> (continued)
Entering a char value into an int or double variable causes serious errors, called input failure
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 9
cin and the Extraction Operator >> (continued)
When reading data into a char variable
>> skips leading whitespace, finds and stores only the next character Reading stops after a single character
To read data into an int or double variable
>> skips leading whitespace, reads + or - sign (if any), reads the digits (including decimal) Reading stops on whitespace non-digit character
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 10
cin and the Extraction Operator >> (continued)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
11
Using Predefined Functions in a Program
Function (subprogram): set of instructions
When activated, it accomplishes a task
main executes when a program is run
Other functions execute only when called
C++ includes a wealth of functions
Predefined functions are organized as a collection of libraries called header files
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
13
Using Predefined Functions in a Program (continued)
Header file may contain several functions
To use a predefined function, you need the name of the appropriate header file
You also need to know:
Function name Number of parameters required
Type of each parameter
What the function is going to do
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 14
Using Predefined Functions in a Program (continued)
To use pow (power), include cmath
Two numeric parameters Syntax: pow(x,y) = xy
x and y are the arguments or parameters
In pow(2,3), the parameters are 2 and 3
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
15
Using Predefined Functions in a Program (continued)
Sample Run:
Line Line Line Line Line 1: 4: 5: 7: 9: 2 to the power of 6 = 64 12.5 to the power of 3 = 1953.13 Square root of 24 = 4.89898 u = 181.019 Length of str = 20
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
17
cin and the get Function
The get function
Inputs next character (including whitespace) Stores in memory location indicated by its argument
The syntax of cin and the get function:
varChar Is a char variable
Is the argument (parameter) of the function
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 18
cin and the ignore Function
ignore: discards a portion of the input
The syntax to use the function ignore is:
intExp is an integer expression
chExp is a char expression If intExp is a value m, the statement says to ignore the next m characters or all characters until the character specified by chExp
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 19
putback and peek Functions
putback function
Places previous character extracted by the get function from an input stream back to that stream
peek function
Returns next character from the input stream Does not remove the character from that stream
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
20
putback and peek Functions (continued)
The syntax for putback:
istreamVar: an input stream variable (cin) ch is a char variable
The syntax for peek:
istreamVar: an input stream variable (cin) ch is a char variable
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 21
The Dot Notation Between I/O Stream Variables and I/O Functions
In the statement
cin.get(ch);
cin and get are two separate identifiers separated by a dot Dot separates the input stream variable name from the member, or function, name In C++, dot is the member access operator
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 22
Input Failure
Things can go wrong during execution If input data does not match corresponding variables, program may run into problems Trying to read a letter into an int or double variable will result in an input failure If an error occurs when reading data
Input stream enters the fail state
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
23
The clear Function
Once in a fail state, all further I/O statements using that stream are ignored The program continues to execute with whatever values are stored in variables
This causes incorrect results
The clear function restores input stream to a working state
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
24
Output and Formatting Output
Syntax of cout when used with <<
Expression is evaluated Value is printed Manipulator is used to format the output
Example: endl
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
25
setprecision Manipulator
Syntax:
Outputs decimal numbers with up to n decimal places Must include the header file iomanip:
#include <iomanip>
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
26
fixed Manipulator
fixed outputs floating-point numbers in a fixed decimal format
Example: cout << fixed;
Disable by using the stream member function unsetf
Example: cout.unsetf(ios::fixed);
The manipulator scientific is used to output floating-point numbers in scientific format
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 27
showpoint Manipulator
showpoint forces output to show the decimal point and trailing zeros
Examples:
cout << showpoint; cout << fixed << showpoint;
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
28
setw
Outputs the value of an expression in specific columns
cout << setw(5) << x << endl;
If number of columns exceeds the number of columns required by the expression
Output of the expression is right-justified Unused columns to the left are filled with spaces
Must include the header file iomanip
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 29
Additional Output Formatting Tools
Additional formatting tools that give you more control over your output:
setfill manipulator left and right manipulators unsetf manipulator
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
30
setfill Manipulator
Output stream variables can use setfill to fill unused columns with a character
Example:
cout << setfill('#');
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
31
left and right Manipulators
left: left-justifies the output
Disable left by using unsetf
right: right-justifies the output
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
32
Types of Manipulators
Two types of manipulators:
With parameters Without parameters
Parameterized: require iomanip header
setprecision, setw, and setfill
Nonparameterized: require iostream header
endl, fixed, showpoint, left, and flush
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 33
Input/Output and the string Type
An input stream variable (cin) and >> operator can read a string into a variable of the data type string Extraction operator
Skips any leading whitespace characters and reading stops at a whitespace character
The function getline
Reads until end of the current line
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
34
File Input/Output
File: area in secondary storage to hold info File I/O is a five-step process
1. Include fstream header 2. Declare file stream variables 3. Associate the file stream variables with the input/output sources 4. Use the file stream variables with >>, <<, or other input/output functions 5. Close the files
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 35
Programming Example: Movie Ticket Sale and Donation to Charity
A theater owner agrees to donate a portion of gross ticket sales to a charity The program will prompt the user to input:
Movie name Adult ticket price Child ticket price Number of adult tickets sold Number of child tickets sold Percentage of gross amount to be donated
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 36
Programming Example: I/O
Inputs: movie name, adult and child ticket price, # adult and child tickets sold, and percentage of the gross to be donated Program output:
-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-* Movie Name: ....................... Journey to Mars Number of Tickets Sold: ........... Percentage of Gross Amount Donated: Amount Donated: ................... $ 2650 10.00% 915.00 Gross Amount: ..................... $ 9150.00
Net Sale: ......................... $ 8235.00
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 37
Programming Example: Problem Analysis
The program needs to:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Get the movie name Get the price of an adult ticket price Get the price of a child ticket price Get the number of adult tickets sold Get the number of child tickets sold
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
38
Programming Example: Problem Analysis (continued)
6. Calculate the gross amount
grossAmount = adultTicketPrice * noOfAdultTicketsSold + childTicketPrice * noOfChildTicketsSold;
7. Calculate the amount donated to the charity
amountDonated = grossAmount * percentDonation / 100;
8. Calculate the net sale amount
netSale = grossAmount amountDonated;
9. Output the results
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 39
Programming Example: Variables
string movieName; double adultTicketPrice; double childTicketPrice; int noOfAdultTicketsSold; int noOfChildTicketsSold; double percentDonation; double grossAmount; double amountDonated; double netSaleAmount;
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
40
Programming Example: Formatting Output
First column is left-justified
When printing a value in the first column, use left
Numbers in second column are right-justified
Before printing a value in the second column, use right
Use setfill to fill the empty space between the first and second columns with dots
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
41
Programming Example: Formatting Output (continued)
In the lines showing gross amount, amount donated, and net sale amount
Use blanks to fill space between the $ sign and the number
Before printing the dollar sign
Use setfill to set the filling character to blank
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
42
Programming Example: Main Algorithm
1. Declare variables 2. Set the output of the floating-point to:
Two decimal places Fixed Decimal point and trailing zeros
3. Prompt the user to enter a movie name 4. Input movie name using getline because it might contain spaces 5. Prompt user for price of an adult ticket
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 43
Programming Example: Main Algorithm (continued)
6. 7. 8. 9. Input price of an adult ticket Prompt user for price of a child ticket Input price of a child ticket Prompt user for the number of adult tickets sold 10. Input number of adult tickets sold 11. Prompt user for number of child tickets sold 12. Input the number of child tickets sold
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 44
Programming Example: Main Algorithm (continued)
13. Prompt user for percentage of the gross amount donated 14. Input percentage of the gross amount donated 15. Calculate the gross amount 16. Calculate the amount donated 17. Calculate the net sale amount 18. Output the results
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
45
Summary
Stream: infinite sequence of characters from a source to a destination Input stream: from a source to a computer Output stream: from a computer to a destination cin: common input cout: common output To use cin and cout, include iostream header
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 46
Summary (continued)
get reads data character-by-character putback puts last character retrieved by get back to the input stream ignore skips data in a line peek returns next character from input stream, but does not remove it Attempting to read invalid data into a variable causes the input stream to enter the fail state
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
47
Summary (continued)
The manipulators setprecision, fixed, showpoint, setw, setfill, left, and right can be used for formatting output Include iomanip for the manipulators setprecision, setw, and setfill
File: area in secondary storage to hold info Header fstream contains the definitions of ifstream and ofstream
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
48
