A Presentation
on
Ground Penetrating
Radar
(GPR)
Presented By:
Ajay Kumar Sah
069/MSI/602
2/16/2014 1
What is RADAR?
RAdio Detetion And Ran!in!
"ri!ina##y a##ed $adio %iretion &indin!
'$(%(&() in *n!#and(
*#etroni e+ui,ment that detets the
,resene o- o.jets .y usin! re-#eted
e#etroma!neti ener!y
/ransmits a 0a1e into atmos,here and
measures the return ,o0er
2/16/2014 2
How does RADAR work?
",eratin! Prini,#e o- $A%A$ 2 Bats use to
-ind their ,ath durin! their -#i!ht(
*mits u#trasoni sounds in a ertain
-re+ueny '120K34) and hear the ehoes o-
these sounds(
*hoes ma5e them ena.#e to #oate and
a1oid the o.jet in their ,ath
2/16/2014 6
How does RADAR work?
Pu#se o- miro0a1e ener!y is sent out 7 dish -ouses ener!y into
.eam
Beam tra1e#s throu!h atmos,here
I- the .eam hits an o.jet7 them some o- the ener!y is re-#eted .a5
to $A%A$
$eturn ,o0er is measured
%ata ,roessed to a 1isua# dis,#ay
2/16/2014 4
Ground Penetrating RADAR (GPR)
3i!h reso#ution e#etroma!neti tehni+ue that is
desi!ned ,rimari#y to in1esti!ate the sha##o0 su.sur-ae
o- the earth7 .ui#din! materia#s7 and roads and .rid!es(
8P$ is a time2de,endent !eo,hysia# tehni+ue that
an ,ro1ide a 62% ,seudo ima!e o- the su.sur-ae7
in#udin! the -ourth dimension o- o#or
9an a#so ,ro1ide aurate de,th estimates -or many
ommon su.sur-ae o.jets(
2/16/2014 :
GPR Principle
An *M ,u#se is sent
throu!h an antenna7
,enetratin! into the
sur1eyed materia#
A ,ortion o- the ener!y is
re-#eted .a5 to the
antenna 0hen an
inter-ae .et0een
materia#s o- dissimi#ar
die#etri onstants is
enountered
2/16/2014 6
GPR Principle
/he re-#eted si!na# has
in-ormation on:
ho0 +ui5#y the si!na#
tra1e#ed
ho0 muh 0as
attenuated
/hese +uantities de,end
on s,atia# on-i!uration
and materia#s
/he thi5ness o- a #ayer
is !i1en .y:
0here di is the
thi5ness o- #ayer i7 ti the
tota# tra1e# time throu!h
that #ayer7 9 is the s,eed
o- #i!ht and r,i the
die#etri onstant o- the
#ayer
i r
i
i
Ct
d
,
2
=
2/16/2014 ;
GPR Principle
/he amount o-
re-#eted ener!y at an
inter-ae is !o1erned
.y:
0here 1,2 is the
re-#etion oe--iient
and r1 and r2 are
the die#etri
onstants
/y,ia# %ie#etri 9onstants
Material Dielectric
Constant
Air 1
Water 81
Concrete 6-12
HMA 4-7
Ice 1.5
Metals
2 1
2 1
2 , 1
r r
r r
=
2/16/2014 <
Instrumentation
/he ty,ia# instrumentation -or 8P$
in#udes the -o##o0in!:
Antenna
9ontro# =nit
%is,#ay de1ie
Stora!e de1ie
2/16/2014 9
Applications
8eo#o!ia# and hydro2!eo#o!ia# in1esti!ations
in#udin! ma,,in! o- .edro5 to,o!ra,hy7 0ater
#e1e#s7 so#ution -eatures7 !#aia# strutures7 soi#s
and a!!re!ates(
*n!ineerin! in1esti!ations to e1a#uate dams7 sea
0a##s7 tunne#s7 ,a1ements7 road.eds7 rai#0ay
em.an5ments7 ,i#es7 .rid!e de5s7 ri1er sour7
.ui#din!s and monuments(
2/16/2014 10
Applications
>oation and e1a#uation o- .uried strutures in#udin!
uti#ities7 -oundations7 rein-orin! .ars7 a1ities7 tom.s7
arhaeo#o!ia# arti-ats7 and anima# .urro0s(
Site in1esti!ations: #oation o- .uried en!ineerin!
strutures and under!round stora!e tan5s(
Su.sur-ae ma,,in! -or a.#es7 ,i,es and other .uried
strutures ,rior to trenh2#ess o,erations(
2/16/2014 11
Applications
2/16/2014 12
Advantages
$a,id !round o1era!e2 Antenna to0ed
either .y hand or -rom a 1ehi#e(
3i!h2reso#ution o1era!e o- the sur1ey area7
detetin! e1en sma## o.jets(
"n2site inter,retation ,ossi.#e due to instant
!ra,hi dis,#ay(
2/16/2014 16
Limitations
%ata a+uisition may .e s#o0 o1er di--iu#t terrain(
%e,th o- ,enetration is #imited in materia#s 0ith hi!h
e#etria# onduti1ities7 #ays(
*ner!y may .e re-#eted and reorded -rom
a.o1e!round -eatures7 0a##s7 ano,ies7 un#ess antennae
are 0e## shie#ded(
Arti-ats in the near sur-ae may satter the transmitted
ener!y and om,#iate the reei1ed si!na# and/or redue
de,th o- ,enetration(
2/16/2014 14
References
%( ?( %anie#s7 8round Penetratin! $adar7 2nd *d(
I** $adar Sonar @a1i!ation and A1ionis Series7
>ondon: I** Boo5s7 ?u#y 2004(
9ardimona7 S(7 We..7 ?(7 >i,,inot /(7 20007
8round Penetratin! $adar7 8eo,hysis 20007 %e
112 1:th7 St >ouis7 Missouri(
Introdution to radar systems7 Merri## >( S5o#ni57
/hird *dition(
2/16/2014 1:
/han5 Aou B
2/16/2014 16
