Section 4

W-CDMA Principles

The Spread Spectrum Principle
The Channelization codes & Scrambling codes. Their main properties
The importance of Eb/No
The concept of Power Control
The coverage limits
The Rake Receiver
The macro-diversity
Handovers
Objectives
At the end of this session, you will be able to:
W-CDMA Principles

Power
Power
Power
FDMA
TDMA
W-CDMA
Dedicated Channel: An individually-assigned, dedicated pathway
through a transmission medium
for one users information
Access Technologies

Je parle franais
Ich spreche
deutsch
I speak
english
PARLO ITALIANO !
Access Technologies
Analogy with the W-CDMA

Duplex Spacing: 190 MHz
FDD
Time
Frequency
Power
5 MHz 5 MHz
Code Multiplex
UL DL
UMTS USER 1
UMTS USER 2
Time
Frequency
Power
TDD
5 MHz
Code Multiplex
&
Time Division
666.67 ms
DL
UL
DL
DL
UL
UMTS USER 2
UMTS USER 1
Access Technologies
W-CDMA: FDD or TDD

Binary data to transmit 0 1 0 0 1 0
The faster is the bit rate, the more the energy is spread on the spectrum
+ a
- a
a
2
T
0

s(t)
T
0

1/T
0
2/T
0

Frequency
Time
0 1 0 0 1 0
+ a
- a
a
2
T
1

s(t)
T
1

1/T
1
2/T
1

Frequency
NRZ
coding
Time
0 1 0 0 1 0
Power
spectrum

Spread Spectrum Principle
1 - Time - Frequency Duality

Tbit
Tchip
Data sequence
spreading sequence
transmitted sequence
a
2
Tbit = Ebit
1/T
bit

Tchip = Echip
1/T
chip

Frequency
a
2
Tchip
1/T
chip

+a
-a
-1
+1
-a
+a
x
=
Data
sequence
Transmitted
signal
Spreading sequence generator
Modulation
x(t)

Power spectrum

Spread Spectrum Principle
2 - Transmission

Tbit
Tchip
Data sequence
spreading sequence
received sequence
a
2
Tbit = Ebit
Power spectrum

1/T
bit

Tchip = Echip
1/T
chip

Frequency
a
2
Tchip
+a
-a
-1
+1
-a
+a
x
=
1/T
chip

Received
signal
Data
sequence
Spreading sequence generator
Demodulation
x(t)

Spread Spectrum Principle
3 - Reception

Spread Spectrum Principle
4 - Code Multiplexing
Power spectrum

User 1
User 2
User 3
User 4
User 5
Spreading
Code 1
Code 2
Code 3
Code 4
Code 5
Composite signal
5 MHz
Codes discriminate users

Unwanted Power
from other sources
Using the right mathematical sequences
any Code Channel can be extracted
from the received composite signal
Spread Spectrum Principle
5 - Extraction

Scrambling code
Channelization code 1
Channelization code 2
Channelization code 3
User 1 signal
User 2 signal
User 3 signal
BTS
Codes Multiplexing
1 - Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level

BTS
Scrambling code 3
User 3 signal
Channelization code
Scrambling code 2
User 2 signal
Channelization code
Scrambling code 1
User 1 signal
Channelization code
Codes Multiplexing
2 - Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level

C
ch
,
1
,
0
= 1
C
ch
,
2
,
0
= 1 1
C
ch
,
4
,
0
= 1 1 1 1
C
ch
,
4
,
1
= 1 1 -1 -1
C
ch
,
2
,
1
= 1 -1
C
ch
,
4
,
2
= 1 -1 1 -1
C
ch
,
4
,
3
= 1 -1 -1 1
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 8
SF = 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512.
C
ch
,
2
,
0
= 1 1
C
ch
,
2
,
1
= 1 -1
C
ch
,
4
,
0
= 1 1 1 1
C
ch
,
4
,
1
= 1 1 -1 -1
C
ch
,
4
,
2
= 1 -1 1 -1
C
ch
,
4
,
3
= 1 -1 -1 1
Channelization Codes - OVSF
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor: code tree generator

+
-1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
-1
*
1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
C
j
C
k
T0 synchronization
= 0
+
-1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
-1
*
1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1
C
j
C
k
no T0 synchronization
= 4
=> Orthogonal => Non orthogonal
No correlation
Small correlation
Channelization Codes - OVSF
Orthogonality

Physical Layer Structure
Frame #0 Frame #1 Frame #i Frame #4095
System frame = 4096 frames = 40.96 seconds
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #j Slot #14
Frame = 15 slots = 10 ms = 38400 chips
Slot = 0.667 ms = 2560 chips
Data or control or mixed: 10*2
k
bits, k from 0 to 6 (UL), from 0 to 7 (DL)
UMTS Frame Format

A Tapped, Summing Shift Register







Sequence repeats every 2
N
-1 chips,
where N is number of cells in register
Scrambling Codes
Scrambling codes Properties:
38 400 chip long sequences
Repeated every 10 ms
Issued form Pseudo Noise sequences

Scrambling Codes Properties
Auto Correlation
Synchronized
=> Complete Correlation
Shifted
=> Almost Orthogonal
Almost orhtogonal
Cross Correlation
Random delay

Uplink Scrambling Codes
Total of 2
24
long scrambling codes
of 38,400 chips
2
25
-1 chip long
sequences
X
25
+ X
3
+ 1
X
25
+ X
3
+ X
2
+ X + 1
I
Q

Downlink Scrambling Codes
8192
scrambling
codes
512 sets of 1
primary and 15
secondary
codes
512 primary
codes divided
into 64 groups
Possibility of 262,143 different downlink scrambling codes
Only 8192 different scrambling codes have been defined
8192
...
Cell #1
Cell #512
...
Primary scrambling code
Secondary scrambling code #1
Secondary scrambling code #2
Secondary scrambling code #15

Exercise
UE
1
How do UE
1
and UE
2
get them bits?

Channelization Codes Multiplexing
-1
1
User 1
User 2
Code 1: C
ch
(SF= )
Code 2: C
ch
(SF= )
1 -1 1 1 -1 1
=
+
*
*
=
=
2
-2
0
1
1 -1 -1 1 1 1
-1
-1
1 -1 -1 1
-1
-1
Users
Composite
Signal
1
1

Scrambling code
Users Composite
Signal
Scrambling
Code
*
2
0
-2
2
0
-2
=
1
-1
Transmitted
Signal

Radio Interferences
2
0
-2
Transmitted
Signal
0
0
Noise
Received
Signal
=
1
-1
1
-1
+

UE
1
: Reception & Decoding
0
Received
Signal
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
Scrambling Code
Channelization Code
Data
Extraction
*
*

UE
2
: Reception & Decoding
0
Received
Signal
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
Scrambling Code
Channelization Code
Data
Extraction
*
*

Basic W-CDMA Elements
C
I
N
C
C
E
b
/N
o

1 - Eb/No
W-CDMA
TDMA-GSM
Power spectrum
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
4
4
4
4
4

Maximum noise level
Eb/No
required
Basic W-CDMA Elements
Power spectrum

a
2
Tbit = Ebit
gain
Unwanted power
from other sources
2 - Eb/No
Echip
Eb / No = C / I x processing gain
Available power to share
between users

a
2
Tbit = Ebit
Power spectrum

Maximum noise level
Eb/No
required
Unwanted power
from other sources
Eb/No
Power
control
Power , Interference , Capacity .
Basic W-CDMA Elements
Eb/No & Power Control

Power Control
1 - Open Loop
MS Access Pre Amble #1 with estimated power
MS Access Pre Amble #n with increased power
RNS Response with Power Control
MS Access Pre Amble #2 with increased power

Power Control
Closed Loop (Uplink)
Inner Loop
Outer Loop
Service => QoS
RNC sets SIR target for service
Iub
BTS sends Power Control bits
to UE (1500 times/second)
MS Tx
RNC sends new SIR target
BS continues Power Control
RNC calculates
BLER for Tx
BTS transmits the received blocks
RNC receives a Service Request

Interference level
Example: 2 UEs at the
same distance from the
BTS using 2 data rates
Eb/No
require
d
S
F

=

1
2
8

Service provided: Speech
Interference level
Eb/No
required
Service provided: Data 144
User 2 needs more power for the
UL & DL for the same quality as
user 1
BTS
Received power
Received power
Coverage Limits (1)
UE
2

UE
1

Speech 8 kbps
Data 144 kbps
The higher the SF, the less power required

SF = 128
Speech 8 kbps
Data 64 kbps
Data 384 kbps
BTS
SF = 32
SF = 4
Coverage Limits (2)
The coverage limits are determined by
the Uplink link Budget

Radio Resource Management
Mapping between demanded QoS, subscription type and allocated QoS
RAB QoS attributes
Traffic class
Maximum bitrate
Guaranteed bit rate
Delivery order
Maximum SDU size
SDU error ratio
Residual bit error ratio
Delivery of erroneous SDUs
Transfer delay
Traffic handling priority
Pre-emption Capability
Pre-emption Vulnerability
Queueing
Allocation/Retention
Priority(ARP)
(User Type)
Traffic Class
Traffic Handling
priority(THP)
(Service Type)
MAC logical channel priority
SRB > C > S > I > B
Iub/Iur
Allocation/Retention Priority
Iub/Iur
Frame Handling Priority
Scheduling Priority Indicator
Common Transport Channel Priority Indicator
DCH/HSPA/MBMS
(Bearer Type)
Scheduling Priority
Data Rate Application Priortiy
+
+
+
Basic Priority

Different Type Of Priority
Priority Function Case
Basic Priority Admission Control
HSDPA Schedule
HSUPA Schedule
(1).In case of admission control, RNC get AC threshold
through BP; so when cell load is high, high priority user
can be granted, while low priority user will be rejected.
(2) For HSDPA Service, when there is multiple users,
NODEB will allocate code and DL power based SPI
(associated with BP)
(3) For HSUPA ,when there are multiple users, NODEB
will allocate power grant based SPI (associated with BP).
SP of RNC Congestion Control
(1)When cell is congestion, and user was pre-emption, RNC will
select user according to the SP
(2) When cell is congestion ,and user was queued, RNC will select
user in queue to execute Admission control according the SP
Application
Priority
Congestion Control
OverLoad Control
(1)When cell is congestion ,and trigger downgrade ,RNC will select
user to downgrade rate according the AP.
(2) When cell is overloaded , RNC will select user to do some
action , so the load can be down.

UE
2

UE
3

UE
2

UE
3

BS Receiver
BTS
Maximum Noise Floor
Lowest Despread Signal
Eb/No
Processing
Gain
Uplink Limits (1)
UE
1

Receiver sensitivity
UE
1


Receiver sensitivity
BS Receiver
Maximum Noise Floor
Lowest Despread Signal
BTS
Cell Breathing
Eb/No
Processing
Gain
UE
2

UE
3

Eb/No
Processing
Gain
UE
1

UE
4

The more loaded the cell, the smaller the cell.
Uplink Limits (2)
UE
4


BS Power Amplifier
50 W
0 W
BTS
BTS
UE
1
UE
2
UE
3

UE
4

Capacity Limits (1)
UE
1

UE
2

UE
3


UE
2
UE
3
UE
1

BS Power Amplifier
50 W
0 W
UE
4

BTS
BTS
Capacity Limits (2)

TX
D(t)
Delay
0

Delay
1

C(t-
0
)
+
C(t-
1
)
Delay (
1
)
RX
C(t-
n
)
Delay (
0
)
Delay (
n
) RX
RX
C(t)

n
Take advantage of
multipath diversity
BTS
Rake Receiver
UE
Spreading &
Scrambling

Macro-Diversity
Softer Hand Over
Node B
(BTS)
RNC
Data UL
Data UL1
Data UL2


Data UL
Data UL
Data DL Data DL
Data DL1
Data DL1
Data DL2
Data DL


UE
Data DL2
Data UL
Core
Network

Macro-Diversity
Soft Hand Over Intra RNC
RNC
Data UL1
Data UL1
Data UL2


Data UL
Data UL
Data DL
Data DL1
Data DL1
Data DL1
Data DL2
Data DL


UE
Core
Network
Data DL2
Data UL
Data DL2
Data UL2
Data UL2
Data UL1
Node B
(BTS)
Node B
(BTS)

Macro-Diversity
Soft Hand Over Inter RNC: Serving RNC (SRNC) and Drift RNC (DRNC)
Node B
(BTS)
SRNC
DRNC Node B
(BTS)
Data UL
Data UL
Data UL
Data UL1
Data UL2
Data UL2
Data UL1
Data UL2


Data UL
Data UL
Data DL
Data DL2
Data DL2
Data DL1
Data DL2
Data DL1
Data DL1
Data DL2
Data DL


UE
Core
Network

Different Types of Handover
Soft Handover Softer Handover Hard Handover
SRNC DRNC
Node B
UE
Core Network
SRNC
Node B
UE
Core Network
SRNC
UE
Core Network
GSM / GPRS
BSS
SRNC
UE
Core Network
GSM / GPRS
BSS
Inter RNC Intra Node B

W-CDMA Questions
1. What is the link between bit rate, chip rate and SF?

2. What is the use of:
the downlink & uplink channelization codes?
the downlink & uplink scrambling codes?

3. What is the relationship between Eb/No, Ec/No and the processing gain?

4. What are the different types of Power Control ?

5. The higher the user data rate:
the smaller is the cell?
the wider is the cell?

6. The more loaded the cell:
the smaller the cell?
the wider the cell?

7. Why is macro-diversity an important concept in UMTS?