WATER CHEMISTRY &
APPLICATIONS IN WATER
TREATMENT
1. WATER SOURCES
2. WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES
3. WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR
PROCESS INDUSTRIES
WATER SOURCES
1.WELL WATER
a. SHALLOW WELLS
b. DEEP WELLS
2.SURFACE WATER
a. RIVER
b. LAKE
3.SEA WATER
a. OPEN SEA INTAKE
b. BEACH WELLS
WATER CHEMISTRY
Water Composition Suspended Impurities
Suspended Solids
- Organics Compounds
- Iron
- Silt
- Bacteria
WATER CHEMISTRY
Water Composition Dissolved Impurities
Cations
- Calcium (Ca)
- Magnesium (Mg)
- Sodium (Na)
- Potassium (K)
- Barium (Ba)
- Strontium (Sr)
WATER CHEMISTRY
Anions
- Carbonate (CO3)
- Bicarbonate (HCO3)
- Sulphate (SO4)
- Nitrate (NO3)
- Nitrite (NO2)
- Chloride (Cl)
- Floride (F)
- Silica (Si)
WATER CLASSIFICATIONS BASED
ON TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
(TDS)
Tap Water < 1000 ppm
BRACKISH 1000-5000 ppm
HIGLLY BRACKISH 5000-15000 ppm
SALINE 15000-30000 ppm
SEA WATER 30000-40000 ppm
BRINE 40000-300000 ppm
WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES
Clarification / Sedimentation
Filteration
Lime Soda Softening
Softening Through Ion Exchange
Demineralization
De-Alkalizers
Reverse Osmosis
CLARIFICATION / SEDIMENTATION
For the removal high suspended solids,
above 50 mg/l. Specially suitable for canal
/ river (surface water treatment).
FILTERATION
For the removal of suspended solids (TDS
<50 ppm)
Different Types of filling media are used,
based on particular application.
FILTERATION SPECTRUM
LIME SODA SOFTENING
Removes hardness associated with
alkalinity
Precipitation of calcium and
magnesium carbonate produces huge
volume of sludge
Sludge disposal causes problem
Decreases the total dissolved solids
Blow down rate decreases
ACIDIFICATION
Lowers p H
Decreases Scaling Indices
Increases calcium sulphate scaling
No impact on TDS of feed water
Increases blowdown rate
WATER FOR COOLING TOWERS
& HEAT EXCHANGERS
Fundamentals:
1. Air Quality affects Water Quality
2. Filteration
3. Contamination & Turbidity
4. Blow Down
5. Chemical Treatment
(Scale Preventation, Corrosion Control, Control of
Biological Growth, Foaming, Control of Suspended
Impurities)
WATER QAUALITY AT DIFFERENT LOCATION
Locations
1 Shahkot Khurianwala Area 4. Mirpur Mathelo
2 Raiwind Manga Mandi Area 5. Rawalpindi Area
3 Nishatabad Area Faisalabad
Elements Units 1 2 3 4 5
Calcium Ca++ CaCO3 190 45 138 210 150
Magnesium Mg++ CaCO3 279 13 346 180 150
Sodium Na+ CaCO3 1085 706 3199 859 370
Total Cation CaCO3 1554 764 3683 1249 670
Bicarbonates HCO3- CaCO3 711 250 775 400 196
Chloride Cl- CaCO3 421 493 1754 465 282
Sulfate SO4-- CaCO3 422 21 1154 384 192
Total Anion CaCO3 1554 764 3683 1249 670
Total Hardness CaCO3 469 58 482 390 300
Carbonate Hardness CaCO3 469 58 482 390 104
Non Carbonate Hardness CaCO3 0 0 0 10 196
m Alkalinity CaCO3 711 250 775 400 196
Sodium Alkalinity CaCO3 242 192 293 10 0
pH pH scale 7.8 7.85 7.9 7.5 7.9
Total Dissolved Solids mg/lit. 2235 1016 5000 1820 872
Scale is a very common
problem encountered in
cooling water systems. Scale
retards heat exchange,
accelerates fouling, promotes
certain types of corrosion and
microbial growth and
increases pumping back
pressure.
These all can translate to unscheduled
delays, decreased plant efficiency,
reduced productivity and reduced
profitability.
Scale
Boiler Inspector Only Checks For
Safety, NOT EFFICIENCY
Carbonic Acid Corrosion on Mild Steel
Results in a
thinning and
grooving of the
metal surface
SOFTENING THROUGH ION
EXCHANGE
Removal of Calcium & Magnesium by
Sodium ions
Soft Water does not reduce total
dissolved Solids.
To some extent Iron removal
SOFTENING THROUGH ION
EXCHANGE
Removal of Calcium & Magnesium by
Sodium ions
Soft Water does not reduce total
dissolved Solids.
To some extent Iron removal
SOFTENING THROUGH ION
EXCHANGE
The softening of water by ion exchange
involves the replacement of calcium and
magnesium ions in water by an equivalent
number of sodium ions. This eliminates the
undesirable characteristics of hardness in
water, as sodium salts do not form scale. The
chemical reaction is as under:
SOFTENING THROUGH ION
EXCHANGE
Basic Ion Exchange Mechanism is as follows:
2RcSO3Na + Ca(HCO3)2 = (RcSO3)2Ca +
2NaHCO3
(Sodium (Calcium (Calcium
(Sodium
Exchange Bicarbonate Exchange
Bicarbonate
Regenerated in Raw Water) Exhausted In Soft
Resin) Resin) Water)
SOFTENING THROUGH ION
EXCHANGE
The sodium ion exchanger contains only a finite
number of exchangeable sodium ions. This number
is known as the capacity of the resin. When this
capacity has been exhausted, i.e., sodium ions have
been replaced by calcium or magnesium,
regeneration of the resin back to sodium form
becomes necessary. Resin bed is regenerated with a
downward flow of brine. Later, resin bed is rinsed
free off brine. The chemical reaction is as under:
SOFTENING THROUGH ION
EXCHANGE
Regeneration of Resin through brine solution is as follows:
(RcSO3)2Mg,Ca + 2NaCl = 2RcSo3Na + MgCl2 , CaCl2
(Exhausted (Brine) (Regenerated (Effluent)
Resin) Resin)
DE-ALKALIZERS
Removes cations associated with
alkalinity from the water.
De gasifier is used for removal of
bicarbonate alkalinity
Effective for high alkalinity waters
TDS reduces equivalent to alkalinity.
DE-ALKALIZER
Basic Ion Exchange Mechanism is as
follows:
2RcSO3H + Ca(HCO3)2 = (RcSO3)2Ca + 2H2CO3, HCl, H2SO4
(Sodium (Ca, Mg, Na (Ca, Mg, Na (Acid)
Exchange Bicarbonates, Exchange
Regenerated Chlorides & Exhausted
Resin) Sulphates) Resin)
REVERSE OSMOSIS
REVERSE OSMOSIS
Feed
Solution which enters the system and is
pressurized.
Permeate
Solution which passes through the membrane
and is collected for use.
Reject
The percentage of dissolved material that
does not pass through membrane.
REVERSE OSMOSIS
Passage
The percentage of dissolved material that does
pass through the membrane
Recovery
The ratio of permeate rate to feed rate
Permeate Rate
Recovery (%) = ------------------- 100
Feed Rate
