A SEMINAR ON

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES AN

ADVANCED APPLICATION OF TIDAL
ENERGY


INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG

PRESENTED BY:
PREETI PANDEY
EE III YEAR
ROLL NO1105220035
FEB 6, 2014
CONTENTS
Alternative Energy Sources/Renewable Energy
Overview of Tidal Generation
-Tides
-Basic methods of generating electricity from tides
-Geography
-Pros/Cons
-Environmental concerns
Different types of tidal generators
-Tidal fence
-Tidal lagoons
-Tidal turbines
Conclusions
References

Alternative Energy Sources
Use of any given energy source in human society encounters
limits to expansion. At the beginning of the 21st century some
issues have achieved global dimension. Principal fossil energy
sources, such as oil and natural gas are approaching
exhaustion that may occur within the span of a generation
Closely linked to energy development are concerns about the
environmental effects of fossil fuel energy use, such as global
warming, and health issues due to air pollution. Energy
development issues are part of the much debated sustainable
development problem.
Canada and the United States have incredibly high energy
consumption per capita
Need to move away from fossil fuels


Need safe and clean energy sources that
dont create significant amounts of waste.


Renewable Energy Sources offer this.
Renewable Energy
Renewable energy sources capture their energy
from existing flows of energy, from on-going natural
processes, such as sunshine, wind, flowing water
(hydropower), biological processes, and geothermal
heat flows. Renewable energy is from an energy
resource that is replaced rapidly by a natural
process such as power generated from the sun or
from the wind.
Examples of Renewable Energy Sources:
Wind Solar
And....
Hydroelectric
TIDAL POWER & ITS HISTORY
Tidal power generators derive their energy from
movement of the tides
Has potential for generation of very large amounts of
electricity, or can be used in smaller scale.
Tidal power is not a new concept and has been used
since at least the 11th Century in Britain and France for
the milling of grains.
There are a number of places around the world that
have adopted pilot projects for different types of tidal
generators

Tides
Tidal power utilizes the twice-daily variation
in sea level caused primarily by the
gravitational effect of the Moon and, to a
lesser extent the Sun on the world's
oceans. The Earth's rotation is also a
factor in the production of tides.
The interaction of the Moon and the Earth
results in the oceans bulging out towards
the Moon (Lunar Tide). The suns
gravitational field pulls as well (Solar Tide)
As the Sun and Moon are not in fixed
positions in the celestial sphere, but
change position with respect to each other,
their influence on the tidal range
(difference between low and high tide) is
also effected.
If the Moon and the Sun are in the same
plane as the Earth, the tidal range is the
superposition of the range due to the lunar
and solar tides. This results in the
maximum tidal range (spring tides). If they
are at right angles to each other, lower tidal
differences are experienced resulting in
neap tides.

How do tides changing = Electricity?
As usual, the electricity is provided by spinning turbines.

Two types of tidal energy can be extracted: kinetic energy
of currents between ebbing and surging tides and potential
energy from the difference in height (or head) between high
and low tides.

The potential energy contained in a volume of water is
E = xMg
where x is the height of the tide, M is the mass of water and
g is the acceleration due to gravity.

Therefore, a tidal energy generator must be placed in a
location with very high-amplitude tides. Suitable locations
are found in the former USSR, USA, Canada, Australia,
Korea, the UK and other countries
The generation of electricity from tides is very similar to
hydroelectric generation, except that water is able to flow
in both directions and this must be taken into account in
the development of the generators.

The simplest generating system for tidal plants, known
as an ebb generating system, involves a dam, known as
a barrage across an estuary.

Sluice gates on the barrage allow the tidal basin to fill on
the incoming high tides and to exit through the turbine
system on the outgoing tide (known as the ebb tide).


Ebb Generation
The basin is filled through the
sluices and freewheeling turbines
until high tide. Then the sluice
gates and turbine gates are closed.

They are kept closed until the sea
level falls to create sufficient head
across the barrage and the turbines
generate until the head is again
low. Then the sluices are opened,
turbines disconnected and the
basin is filled again.

The cycle repeats itself.

Ebb generation (also known as
outflow generation) takes its name
because generation occurs as the
tide ebbs.
Estuary
Ebb generating system with a bulb turbine
Environmental/Ecological Concerns
Tidal power generation can
offer significant advantages,
including improved
transportation due to the
development of traffic or rail
bridges across estuaries and
reduced greenhouse gas
emissions by utilizing tidal
power in place of fossil fuels.

However there are also some
significant environmental
disadvantages which make
tidal power, particularly
barrage systems less attractive
than other forms of renewable
energy.

La Rance, France (240MW)
Tidal Changes
The construction of a tidal barrage in an
estuary will change the tidal level in the
basin. This change is difficult to predict, and
can result in a lowering or raising of the tidal
level.
This change will also have a marked effect
on the sedimentation and purity of the water
within the basin.
In addition, navigation and recreation can
be affected as a result of a sea depth
change due to increased sedimentation
within the basin.
A raising of the tidal level could result in the
flooding of the shoreline, which could have
an effect on the local marine food chain.



Ecological Changes

Potentially the largest disadvantage of tidal power is
the effect a tidal station has on the plants and
animals which live within the estuary. As very few
tidal barrages have been built, very little is
understood about the full impact of tidal power
systems on the local environment. What has been
concluded is that the effect due to a tidal barrage is
highly dependent upon the local geography and
marine ecosystem.
Wales have been caught in tidal generators.
Fish may move through sluices safely, but when
these are closed, fish will seek out turbines and
attempt to swim through them. Also, some fish will
be unable to escape the water speed near a turbine
and will be sucked through.


Some Turbine
Types
Bulb Type
BULB TYPE In systems with a bulb
turbine, water flows around the turbine,
making access for maintenance difficult, as
the water must be prevented from flowing
past the turbine.
RIM TYPE Rim turbines reduce these
problems as the generator is mounted in
the barrage, at right angles to the turbine
blades. Unfortunately, it is difficult to
regulate the performance of these turbines
and it is unsuitable for use in pumping.
TUBULAR TYPE Tubular turbines
have been proposed for use some UK
projects. In this configuration, the blades
are connected to a long shaft and
orientated at an angle so that the generator
is sitting on top of the barrage.
Different Generator Types
Tidal Fences



Tidal Lagoons



Tidal Turbines

Tidal Fences
Tidal fences are composed of
individual, vertical axis turbines
which are mounted within the fence
structure, known as a caisson.

Kind of like giant turn styles which
completely block a channel, forcing
all of the water through them.

Unlike barrage tidal power stations,
tidal fences can also be used in
unconfined basins, such as in the
channel between the mainland and
a nearby off shore island, or
between two islands.
Tidal Fences (cont.)
Since they do not require
flooding of the basin, tidal
fences have much less impact
on the environment, and are
significantly cheaper to install.
Unlike barrage generators,
tidal fences have the
advantage of being able to
generate electricity once the
initial modules are installed.
Since a caisson structure is
still required, which can disrupt
the movement of large marine
animals and shipping, there
are still ecological concerns

Tidal Lagoons
Tidal lagoons are an adaptation of the
barrage system. Similar to standard
barrage models, tidal lagoons retain a
head pond and generate power via
conventional hydro-turbines.

The difference is that the conventional
barrage designs exploit the natural
coast line to minimize barrage length.
However, this entails blocking the
estuary regardless of how deep it is.
This raise the costs considerably.

However, a lagoon, for a low cost can
pretty much be built anywhere that
there is a high tidal range.

The lagoon has relatively little visual
impact, as it is below the high water
tide mark and appears like a normal
sea wall at low tide.
SeaFlow, a 300 kW prototype turbine was the worlds first offshore
tidal turbine and was installed off Lynmouth, Devon in May 2003.
Tidal Turbines
Cost 3.4 million and was funded by a
consortium of private companies and
the UK and German governments.
Future Expansion of Tidal Turbines





Tidal Farms. Sets of up to
hundreds of tidal turbines
working in conjunction.


Potential for giga-watts of
powerproduction.

Conclusions
Tidal power is a renewable, potentially zero emission (during
operation) energy source.

Tides have the advantage of being completely predictable, unlike
solar and wind power.

Different types of Tidal Generators suit different areas and energy
needs.

There are environmental concerns that need to be addressed when
developing this technology further.
References
RISE Research Institute for Sustainable Energy
http://rise.org.au/reslab/resfiles/tidal/text.html
Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_power
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy
http://www.hie.co.uk/aie/tidal_power.html
Marrine Current Turbines Ltd.
http://www.ifremer.fr/dtmsi/colloques/seatech04/mp/proceedings_pdf/pr
esentations/4.%20courants_marins/MCT.pdf
http://web.uvic.ca/~loneil/elec395/elec395.htm
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


HEARTY THANKS TO
RESPECTED BHEEM SONKAR SIR
FOR HIS VALUABLE
GUIDANCE.





THANK YOU