BASIN ANALYSIS

• BASIN ANALYSIS INVOLVES INTERPRETATION OF THE

• FORMATION
• EVOLUTION
• ARCHITECTURE AND
• FILL OF A SEDIMENTARY BASIN

BY EXAMINING GEOLOGICAL VARIABLES ASSOCIATED

WTH THE BASIN.

• DONE BY USING THE TECHNIQUES OF

• REVERSE MODELLING
- INVOLVES ANALYSING FEATURES OF A BASIN IN
ORDER TO DETERMINE THE MECHANISM WHICH
PRODUCED THEM.

• FORWARD MODELLING
- INVOLVES PREDICTING HOW A BASIN WILL EVOLVE
UNDER VARIOUS CIRCUMTANCES AND COMPARING
THIS WITH THE ACTUAL BASIN.
• IT PROVIDES A FOUNDATION FOR EXTRAPOLATING KNOWN
INFORMATION INTO UNKNOWN REGIONS IN ORDER TO
PREDICT THE NATURE OF THE BASIN WHERE EVIDENCE
IS NOT AVAILABLE.

•THE IMPORTANCE OF BASINS IN PETROLEUM INDUSTRY IS

DECIDED BY ITS;

i) GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

ii) KIND OF BASIN

iii) TECTONIC HISTORY

iv) THE SEDIMENTARY HISTORY AND THE

EFFECTS OF THERMAL CHANGES ON
THESE SEDIMENTS
 v) CONTENT, AGE, THICKNESS AND FACIES OF THE
SEDIMENTS OF PRIMARY PETROLEUM CONCERN,
SUCH AS THE RSERVOIR, CAP ROCK AND SOURCE
BEDS.

• BASIN ANALYSIS ENCOMPASSES MANY TOPICS SINCE IT

INTEGRATES SEVERAL FIELDS WITHIN GEOLOGY.
THE MAJOR TOPICS INCLUDE;

• BASIN FORMATION AND CHARACTER, PLATE TECTONICS

• BASIN FILL CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES AND
EVOLUTION
• BASIN ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
• DESCRIPTION AND CORRELATION OF STRATIGRAPHIC
BASIN FILL (SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY)
• PETROLEUM SYSTEM
• PROSPECT GENERATION AND EVALUATION.
PURPOSE OF BASIN ANALYSIS

• DETERMINE THE PHYSICAL CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC

FRAMEWORK BY,

- INTERPRETING SEQUENCES, SYSTEM TRACTS AND

PARASEQUENCES AND/ OR SIMPLE SEQUENCES ON
OUTCROPS, WELL LOGS, SEISMIC DATA AND AGE DATA
WITH HIGH RESOLUTION BIOSTRATIGRAPHY.

• CONTRUCT GEOHISTORY, TOTAL SUBSIDENCE AND TECTONIC

SUBSIDENCE CURVES ON SEQUENCE BOUNDARIES.

• COMPLETE TECTONO- STRTIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS INCLUDING;

• RELATE MAJOR TRANSGRESSIVE – REGRESSIVE FACIES

CYCLES TO TECTONIC EVENTS
• RELATE CHANGES IN RATES OF TECTONIC SUBSIDENCE
CURVES TO PLATE- TECTONIC EVENTS

• ASSIGN A CAUSE TO TECTONICALLY ENHANCED

UNCONFORMITIES

• RELATE MAGMATISM TO TECTONIC SUBSIDENCE

CURVES

• MAP TECTONO- STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS

• DETERMINE STYLE AND ORIENTAION OF STRUCTURES

WITH TECTONO- STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS.
MECHANISM OF BASIN FORMATION

MAJOR MECHANISMS FOR REGIONAL SUBSIDENCE/ UPLIFT;

• ISOSTACTIC- CHANGES IN CRUSTAL OR

LITHOSPHERIC THICKNESS

• LOADING- BY THRUST SHEETS, VOLCANIC PILES,

SEDIMENT

• DYNAMIC EFFECTS- ASTHENOSPHERIC FLOW,

MANTLE CONVENTION, PLUMPES

ISOSTACTIC PROCESS

• CRUSTAL THINNING

• EXTENTIONAL STRECHING, EROSION DURING

UPLIFT, MAGMATIC WITHDRAWAL
 • MANTLE- LITHOSPHERE THICKENING

• COOLING OF LITHOSPHERE, FOLLOWING CESSATION

OF STRETCHING OR CESSATION OF HEATING

• CRUSTAL DENSIFICATION

• DENSITY INCREASE DUE TO CHANGING PRESSURE/

TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS AND/ OR
EMPLACEMENT OF HIGHER DENSITY MELTS
INTO LOWER DENSITY CRUST

LOADING

• LOCAL ISOTATIC COMPENSATION OF CRUST AND REGINOL

LITHOSPHERIC FLEXURE

• DEPENDENT UPON FLEXURAL RIGITITY OF LITHOSPHERE

• SEDIMENTARY OR VOLCANIC LOADING

 • TECTONIC LOADING

• DURING OVERTHRUSTING AND / OR UNDERPULLING

• SUBCRUSTAL LOADING

• LITHOSPHERIC FLEXURE DURING

UNDERTHRUSTING OF DENSE LITHOSPHERE

• DYNAMIC EFFECTS

• ASTHENOSPHERE FLOW

DESCENT OF DELAMINATION OF SUBDUCTED

LITHOSPHERE

• MANTLE CONVECTION

• PLUMES
BASIN CLASSIFICATION AND ORIGIN

SEDMENTARY BASINS ARE COMMONLY CLASSIFIED IN

TERMS OF THE FOLLOWING;

• THE TYPE OF CRUST ON WHICH THE BASINS REST

• THE POSITION OF THE BASINS WITH RESPECT TO

PLATE MARGINS

• FOR BASINS LYING CLOSE TO A PLATE MARGINS, THE

TYPE OF PLATE INTERACTION OCCURING
DURING SEDIMENTATION
INTERIOR BASINS, INTERCRATONIC RIFTS AND
ALACOGENS

INTERIOR BASINS

• RELATIVELY LARGE, COMMONLY OVATE DOWNWARPS

WITHIN THE INTERIORS OF STABLE CRATONIC SHIELDS

• SOME INTERIOR BASINS – FILLED WITH MARINE SILICLASTIC,

CARBONATE OR EVAPORITE SEDIMENT DEPOSITED
FROM EPICONTINENTAL SEAS. OTHERS- NONMARINE
SEDIMENTS.

• VARIOUS MECHANISMS

- SUBSIDENCE

- COOLING AND SUBSIDENCE FOLLOWING A THERMAL

EVENT (INTRUSION OF DENSE MATERIAL IN THE
MANTLE)
- MANTLE PHASE CHANGES

- MANTLE HOT SPOTS

- SHALLOW SUBDUCTION
RIFTS

• NARROW, FAULT- BOUNDED VALLEYS

• RANGE IN SIZE FROM GRABENS A FEW KMs WIDE TO

GIGANTIC RIFTS (EAST AFRICAN RIFT SYSTEM- 3000 KM
LONG AND 30- 40 KM WIDE)

• NO. OF SEDIMENTARY ENVIONMENTS CAN EXIST WITHIN RIFT

- NONMARINE (FLUVIAL, LACUSTRINE, DESERT) TO

- MARGINAL MARINES (DELTA, ESTUARINE, TIDAL FLAT)

- AND MARINE (SHELF, SUBMARINE FAN)

• DEPOSITES OF R.B INCLUDE,

CONLOMERATES, S. STs, SHALES, TURBIDITES, COALS,

EVAPORITES AND CARBONATES.
SURFACE CONFIGURATION OF EAST
AFRICAN RIFT ZONE AND STAGES OF
EVOLUTION OF THE RIFT.
AUALCOGNS

• SPECIAL KIND OF RIFT, REFERRED AS FAILED ARMS

OF A TRIPLE JUNCTION.

• ONE ARM OF SPREADING RIFT SYSTEM-

STOP SPREADING AFTER A FEW MILLION YEARS.

• REST TWO ARMS OF THE RIFT CONTINUED TO SPREAD,

SEPARATION OF THE CONTINENT AND DEVELOPMENT
OF AN OCEAN.

• LONG, NARROW TROUGHS THAT MAKE UP THE ARMS OF

AUALCOGENS EXTEND INTO CONTINENTAL CRATONS.

• DEPOSITES MAY INCLUDE NONMARINE (e.g. ALLUVIAL

FAN) DEPOSITES,MARINE SHELF DEPOSITES AND
DEEPER- WATER TURBIDITES.

• CAMBAY BASIN, REELFOOT RIFT IN WHICH MISSIPPI RIVER

FLOWS.
AUACOGENS NORTH OF BLACK
AND CASPIAN SEA ON THE
RUSSIAN PLATFORM
OCEANIC BASINS AND RISES

OCEANIC BASINS

• OCCUR IN VARIOUS PARTS OF DEEP OCEANIC FLOOR

• CREATED BY RIFTING AND SUSIDENCE ACCOMPANING

OPENING OF AN OCEAN- OWING TO CONTINENTAL
RIFTING

• MAY INCLUDE OCEAN – FLOOR SAG BASINS, FAULT

BOUNDED BASINS ASSOCIATED WITH RIDGE SYSTEM.

• SEDIMENTS ARE MAINLY PELAGIC CLAYS, BIOGENIC

OOZES, TURBIDITES.

• SEDIMENTS ACCUMULATE IN THESE BASINS ADJACENT

TO ACTIVE MARGINS MAY BE SUBDUCTED INTO A
TRENCH AND CONSUMED DURING OCEAN CLOSING.
SUBDUCTION RELATED SETTING

• FEATURES OF SEISMICALLY ACTIVE CONTINNTAL MARGINS

• CHARACTERISED BY A DEEP- SEA TRENCH, AN ACTIVE

VOLCANIC ARCH AND AN ARCH- TRENCH GAP

• MOST IMPORTANT DEPOSITIONAL SITES ARE

- DEEP- SEA TRENCH

- FORE- ARC BASINS (LIE WITHIN THE ARCH- TRENCH
GAP)
- BACK- ARCH OR MARGINAL BASINS

• SEDIMENTS DEPOSITED ARE MAINLY,

-SILICICLASTIC DEPOSITES DERIVED FROM VOLCAIN

SOURCES IN THE VOLCANIC ARCH (SANDS AND
MUDS ON THE SHELF, TURBIDITES IN DEEPER
WATER IN SLOPE, BASIN AND TRENCH SETTING
• SEDIMENTS IN THE TRENCH,

- TERRIGENOUS DEPOSITES TRNSPORTED BY

TURBIDITY CURRENTS FROM LAND

- TOGETHER WITH SEDIMENTS SCRAPED FROM A

SUBDUCTING OCANIC PLATES- FORMING AN
ACCRETIONARY COMPLEX
STRIKE- SLIP/ TRANSFORM- FAULT- RELATED SETTING
• OCCUR ALONG

- OCEAN SPREADING

- TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES BETWEEN SOME MAJOR

CRUSTAL PLATES

- ON CONTINENTAL MARGINS AND

- WITHIN CONTINENTS ON CONTINENETAL CRUST

• MOVEMENTS ALONG STRIKE- SLIP FAULTS – PRODUCE A

VARITY OF PULL- APRT BASINS

• MOST BASINS FORMED BY STRIKE- SLIP FAULTING ARE

SMALL

• S- S BASINS OCCUR IN A VARITY OF SETTING- MAY BE FILLED

BY EITHER MARINE OR NONMARINE SEDIMENTS.
SEISMIC PROFILE ACROSS
A WRENCH FAULT
TYPES OF STRIKE- SLIP FAULT
PATTERN AND RESULTING
SEDIMENTARY BASINS

A. B. C – BRAIDED FAULT

D– FAULT TERMINATION

E- EN ECHLON FAULT
COLLISION- RELATED SETTING

• FORMED AS A RESULT OF CLOSING OF AN OECAN BASIN

AND COLLISION BETWEEN CONTINENTS OR ACTIVE
ARC SYSTEMS OR BOTH

• COLLISION GENERATES COMPRESSIONAL FORECES-

DEVELOPMENT OF FOLD THRUST- BELTS AND
ASSOCIATED FORELAND BASINS ALONG THE COLLISION
SUTURE BELT.

• MAY ALSO GIVE RISE TO STRIKE- SLIP MOVEMENT AND

CREATION OF STRIKE BELT.

• LANDMASSES TEND TO APPROACH EACH OTHER

OBLIQUELY DURING COLLISION (OWING TO IRREGULAR
SHAPE OF CONTINENTS AND ISLAND ARCS), PORTION
OF AN OLD OCEAN MAY REMAIN UNCLOSED AFTER
COLLISION OCCURS- SURVIVING EMBAYMENT ARE
REMNANT BASINS- CHARACTERISED BY TUBIDITE
SEDIMENTATION
• FORELAND BASINS CHARACTERISED BY NONMARINE
GRAVELS, SANDS, AND MUDS (WHEN ISOLATED FROM
THE OCEAN)

• MAY CONTAIN CARBONATE, VAPORITES, AND/ OR

TUBIDITES (IF HAVE CONNECTION WITH OCEAN)
TERMINOLOGY OF CONVERGENT MARGIN INVOLVING OVERRIDING PLATE
MODEL OF
TECTONIC AND
SEDIMENTARY
EVOLUTION OF A
SUTURE ZONE
DEVELOPED BY
IRREGULAR
CONTINENTAL
MARGINS
MAJOR ACTIVITIES IN BASIN ANALYSIS

A. DECIPHERING THE REGIONAL TECTONIC FRAMEWORK

OF THE BASIN

• LAND IMAGERY DATA

• TECTONIC FEATURES- LINEAMENTS, ZONE OF

FRACTURES, FAULTS etc

• GEOMORPHIC ANOMALIES AND DRAINAGE PATTERN

ANALYSIS

• STUD OF GRAVITY, MAGNETIC & AERRO- MAGNETIC DATA

• REGIONAL SEISMIC PROFILES AND DSS DATA- TO FIND OUT

- BASEMENT CONFIGURATION
- QUANTUM OF BASIN FILL
- DEEP SEATED FAULT ZONES

PREPARATION OF TECTONIC & BASIN FILL MAPS.

 7 1 ° 2 3 ' 7 3 °3 5 '
7 2 ° 0 0 ' 7 3 ° 0 0 ' 2 4 ° 5 9 '
2 4 ° 5 9 '

L E G E N D

T O W N S H IP

L IN E A M E N T

B A S IN M A R G IN

2 4 ° 0 0 ' 2 4 ° 0 0 '

P A T A N

M E H S A N A

2 3 ° 0 0 ' 2 3 ° 0 0 '
A H M E D A B A D

2 2 ° 0 0 ' 2 2 ° 0 0 '

2 1 ° 0 0 ' 2 1 ° 0 0 '

K M5 2 . 50 5 1 0 1 5 2 0K M

2 0 ° 3 3 ' 2 0 ° 3 3 '
7 2 ° 0 0 ' 7 3 ° 0 0 '
7 1 ° 2 3 ' 7 3 ° 3 5 '

LINEAMENT MAP OF CAMBAY BASIN

WITH PALEOCHANNELS
 7 1 d 47 52 m
d 7 02 md 71 25 dm 73 20 dm 47 53 m
d 7 03 md 1 5 m

4 d 3 0 m 2 4 d 3 0 m
Ce
4 d 1 5 m nt 2 4 d 1 5 m
ra
lG
4 d 0 m ra 2 4 d 0 m
v ity
3 d 4 5 m hi 2 3 d 4 5 m
gh
3 d 3 0 m
BOUGUER ANOMALY
2 3 d 3 0 m

3 d 1 5 m 2 3 d MAP
1 5 m OF CAMBAY
3 d 0 m
A h m a d a b a d 2 3 d BASIN
0 m IS
2 d 4 5 m 2 2
CHARACTERIZED BY
d 4 5 m
D h o lk a
A CENTRAL GRAVITY
2 d 3 0 m
4 5
2 2
HIGH AND FLANKED
d 3 0 m

2 d 1 5 m d BY
1 5 mGRAVITY LOWS
4 0
3 5 B a r o d a 2 2
3 0

d ( 0 BLUE ) ON EITHER
2 5
D a b h o i
2 d 0 m 2 0
1 5 J a m b u s a r 2 2 m

d SIDES.
1 0
5

1 d 4 5 m 0
- 5 2 1 4 5 m
- 1 0
- 1 5
G o g h a J h a g a d ia
A n k le s h w a r
1 d 3 0 m - 2 0
- 2 5 2 1 d 3 0 m
- 3 0
- 3 5

1 d 1 5 m - 4 0
- 4 5 2 1 d 1 5 m
- 5 0

1 d 0 m 2 1 d 0 m

7 1 d 47 52 md 7 02 md 71 25 dm 73 20 dm 47 53 md 7 03 md 1 5 m
 7 1 d 4 0 7 m2 d 1 0 7 m2 d 4 0 7 m3 d 1 0 m

2 4 d 1 0 m 2 4 d 1 0 m

2 3 d 3 0 m M e h s a n a 2 3 d 3 0 m

L-23
L-25
L-29

2 2 d 5 0 m
A h m a d a b a d
L-35
MAGNETIC ANOMALY MAP
2 2 d 5 0 m
L-37 ALSO SHOWS POSITIVE
ANOMALIES OVER THE AREA
L41

L43
OF CENTRAL GRAVITY HIGH.
2 2 d 1 0 m B a r o d a
2 2 d 1 0 m
D a b h o i

2 1 d 3 0 m A n k le s h w a r
4 0 0 2 1 d 3 0 m
2 0 0

- 2 0 0

2 0 d 5 0 m 2 0 d 5 0 m
7 1 d 4 0 7m2 d 1 0 7m2 d 4 0 7m3 d 1 0 m
GEOLOGICAL SECTION
ACROSS SANCHOR
BLOCK

GEOLOGICAL SECTION
ACROSS MEHSANA
BLOCK
B.
• PREPARATION OF ELECTROLOG CORRELATION OF THE
PARAMETRIC/ EXPLORATORY WELLS

• PREPARATION OF SEISMO- GEOLOGICAL SECTION ALONG

AND ACROSS THE BASIN AT SUITABLE INTERVALS

• DIVISION OF ENTIRE STRATIGRAPHIC SECTION INTO TIME/

ROCK UNITS

• PREPARATION OF LAYOUT MAP SHOWING SEISMIC PROFILES

ALONG AND ACROSS THE BASIN

• STUDY OF SELECTED SEISMIC SECTIONS IN DIFFERENT

PARTS OF THE BASIN
SEISMO- GEOLOGICAL SECTION ALONG 380-09 (MINDHOLA AREA),
SOUTH CAMBAY BASIN
Geological section across Jaisalmer Basin (NNW- SSE)
C. SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY
• STUDY OF TERMINATION CHARACTERS OF SEISMIC
REFLECTORS

• STUDY OF SEQUENCES OF BROAD SEISMIC FACIES

PACKS

• IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR SEQUENCES/

PARASEQUENCES, UNCONFORMITIES etc

• PREPARATION OF SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAMS

• STUDY OF TRANSGRESSIVE/ REGRESSIVE CYCLES WITH

THE HELP OF SEA- LEVEL CURVES

• SYSTEM TRACT ANALYSIS

INPUTS
• KEY SEISMIC LINES
• BIO & CHORNO- STRATIGRAPHIC DATA
• VSP/ SONIC DATA OF KEY WELLS
RELATION OF STRATA TO THE UPPER BOUNDARY OF A DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE.

RELATIONSHIP OF STRATA TO THE LOWER BOUNDARY OF A DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE.

REGIONAL ELECTROLOG CORRELATION
SHOWING VARIOUS SEQUENCES AND
THEIR ASSOCIATED SYSTEM TRACTS.
SIMPLIFIED GLOBAL
SEQUENCE CHART FOR
PART OF THE TERTIARY
AND QUARTERNARY.
A SIMULATED SEISMIC SECTION SHOWING SOME COMMON SEISMIC FACIES
PATTERN THAT CAN BE IDENTIFIED FROM SEISMIC RECORDS.
TERMINOLOGY FOR RELATIONS THAT DEFINE UNCONFORMABLE BOUNDARIES
OF A DEPOSITION SEQUENCE.
D. SEQUENCE ANALYSIS

• STUDY OF SEISMIC SIGNATURES LEADING TO SEISMIC

FACIES ANALYSIS FOR EACH SEQUENCE

•ANALYSIS OF LOG MOTIFS FOR RECOGNITION OF

SEDIMENTARY FACIES

•WORKING OUT STRATAL PATTERN AND SEDIMENTARY

FACIES MAPS

• DECIPHERING GEOMETRY OF SAND BODIES, CARBONATE

BUILDUPS etc

• PREPARATION OF PALEOGEOGRAPHIC MAPS

• PREPARATION OF PREPARATION OF FACIES, SAND/ SHALE

RATIO MAP, PALEOCURRENT ANALYSIS etc
INPUTS

• ALL AVAILABLE, NORMALLY PROCESSED/ REPROCESSED

SEISMIC TO BE STUDIED

• INTEGRATION OF SEISMIC ANALYSIS DATA

•SYNTHESIS OF LITHOLOGICAL AND CORE DATA

• INTEGRATION OF PALEONTOLOGICAL/ PALYNOLOGICAL

DATA

• STRATIGRAPHIC DIAGRAMES

• STRATIGRAPHIC CROSS SECTION HUNG ON SHARED

STRATIGRAPHIC FEATURES

• FENCE DIAGRAME IS SERIES OF CROSS SECTION ON AN

ISOMETRIC AMP
STRATIGRAPHIC MAPS

• STRUCTURE CONTOUR MAP PLOTS THE SURFACE OF A

SUBSURFACE LITHOLOGICAL UNIT

• DETERMINE REGIONAL STRAUCTURAL ATTITUDE OF ROCKS,

PRESENCE OF LOCAL STRUCTURAL FEATURES

• POINT OF EQUAL ELEVATION ABOVE OR BELOW A DATUM

ARE MAPPED AND CONTOURED

• STRUCTURAL HIGHS (DOME/ ANTICLINE) & LOWS (BASINS/

SYNCLINES ARE OVIOUS

• FULT INDICATED BY TIGHTLY BUNCHED CONTOURS ALONG A

STRAIGHT LINE
STRUCTURE CONTOUR
MAP DRAWN ON THE TOP
OF FORMATION TOP
ISOPACH MAPS
• POINTS OF EQUAL THICKNESS OF A ROCK UNIT ARE
CONTOURED

• REQUIRES DATA FOR TOP AND BOTTOM OF BED

(THICKNESS)

• ABNORMALLY THICK AREAS SUGGEST PRESENCE OF

MAJOR DEPOSITIONAL CENTRES

PALEOGEOGRAPHIC MAPS
• PROVIDE MEANS TO ILLUSTRATE PALEODRAINAGE,
PATTERS OF BASIN FILL, SHIFTED SHORELINES OR
BURIAL OF PRE- EXITING TOPOGRAPHY

• STRIPPED OFF ALL OVERLYING ROCKS TO A PARTICULAR

UNIT ON WHICH THESE WERE DEPOSITED

• MAP ON TOP OF EXPOSED UNIT (SUBCROP MAP)

• MAP ON TOP OF OVERLYING ROCKS FROM BELOW

(SUPERCROP MAP)
ISOPACH MAP OF KALOL FORMATION, CAMBAY BASIN
PALEOGEOGRAPHY DURING SEQ- II (KOPILI Fm. LATE EOCENE)
FACIES MAPS

• ILLUSTRATES THE AERIAL VARIATION OF A STRATIGRAPHIC

UNIT

• VARIATIONS IN LITHOLOGICAL ASPECT AND ATTRIBUTES-

LITHOFACIES MAP

• VARIATION IN FAUNAL/ FLORAL ASPECT- BIOFACIES MAP

• TWO TYPES OF LITHOFACIES MAP

• CLASTIC RATIO MAP

- CONTOURS OF EQUAL CLASTIC RATIO

(CONG+ S.St + SHALE)

RATIO IS ----------------------------------
(L.St + DOLO + EVAPOR. + COAL)
CLASTIC- RATIO
MAP (CLASTIC/
NONCLASTIC)
 FENCE DIAGRAM
SHOWING
INTERTONGUING
FACIES
RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN MARINE
AND NONMARINE
DEPOSITES.
FACIES
RELATIONSHIPS
IN UPPER
CRETACEOUS
STRATA OF THE
ROCKY
MOUNTAIN
 • THREE- COMPONET LITHOFACIES MAP

- SHOW BY MEANS OF PATTERNS OR COLORS THE

RELATIVE ABUNDANCE, WITHIN A FORMATION/
STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT, OF THREE PRINCIPAL
LITHOFACIES COMPONENTS

SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY

• REFLECTION SEISMOLOGY RECORDS TIME FROM

SOUNDING TO REFLECTION DETECTION

• SOUND TRAVELS DOWNWARD, REFLECTED OFF

SUBSURFACE STRAUCTURES, DETECTED BY GEOPHONE

• RECORDED ON STRIP CHART WITH PULSE

REPRESENTING TIME WHEN SOUND WAVE RETUNED

• VERTICAL SCALE IS TWO- WAY TIME FOR MORE THAN

ONE REFLECTED SURFACE ENCOUNTERED
HYPOTHETICAL
THREE –
COMPONENT MAP
(S.St, SHALE, L.St)
LITHOFACIES MAP
SEISMIC SECTION 380- 09 SHOWING STRUCTURAL INVERSION, MINDHOLA AREA
DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCES AS DEFINEDFROM SEISMIC RECORDS
SEISMIC PROFILES

• ALL SINGNALS FROM TRAVERSE COLLECTED, SCREENED

BY COMPUTER, PRINTED OUT

• REFLECTORS RESULT FROM ANY ABRUPT CHANGE IN

SEISMIC VELOCITY

• SUBSURFACE STRUCTURES AND GENETIC SEQUENCES

• TEXTURES OF REFLECTIONS CAN BE MEANINGFUL

• NON- MARINE BEDS TYPICALLY JAGGED REFLECTIOS

• MARINE BEDS GENRALLY SMOTH, CONTINOUS,

HOMOGENOUS
PALEOCURRENT ANALYSIS

• USED TO DETERMINE THE FLOW DIRECTION OF ANCIENT

CURRENTS- REFLECTS THE PALEOSLOPE.

• ACCOMPLISHED BY MEASURING ORIENTATION OF

DIRECTIONAL FEATURES SUCH AS SEDIMENTARY
STRUCTURES (FLUTE CAST, RIPPLE MARKS, CROSS BEDS
etc)

• REVEALS THE DIRECTION IN WHICH THE SEDIMENT

SOURCE AREA

• AIDS IN UNDERSTANDING OF

• GEOMETRY AND TREND OF LITHOLOGICAL UNITS

• INTERPRETATION OF DEPOSITIONAL ENVIONMENTS

USE OF
PALEOCURRENT DATA
TO LOCATE SOURCE
AREA
E. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

• IDENTIFICATION OF FAULT SYSTEM, STRUCTURAL

ELEMENTS

• PREPARATION OF STRUCTURE CONTOUR, ISOCHRON

(TIME STRUCTURE MAP) AND ISOCHRONOPACH MAPS

• TECTONO- STRATIGRAPHIC ANAYSIS

• CONCEPTUAL GEOLOGICAL MODEL

• BASIN EVOLUTION HISTORY

PROPOSED LOCATION
KKL- 1

TIME STRUCTURE
MAP NEAR THE TOP
OF SAND IN # K- 260
CONCEPTUAL GEOLOGICAL MODEL, OLPAD
F. PLAY ANALYSIS

• ANALYSIS AND INTEGRATION OF

• GEOCHEMICAL DATA
• BASIN FILL MAPS (OR ISOPACH MAPS)
• PALEO- STRUCTURAL MAPS, SUBSIDENCE CURVES

• IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCE- RESERVOIR- CAP ROCK

LOCALES AND RELATIONSHIP

• IDENTIFICATION OF KITCHEN AREA AND PETOLEUM SYSTEM

• IDENTIFICATION OF OIL AND GAS

G. PROSPECT EVALUATION

• IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF STRUCTURAL,

STRATIGRAPHIC AND COMBINATION TYPE OF PROSPECT

• PREPARATION OF PROSPECT MAPS

• TECHNO- ECONOMIC ANAYSIS

• PROPOSAL FOR RELEASE OF EXPLORATORY LOCATIONS

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY
• IS DEFINED AS

‘THE STUDY OF ROCK RELATIONSHIP WITHIN A

CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY FRAMEWORK OF REPETITIVE ,
GENETICALLY RELATED STRATA, BOUNDED BY
SURFACE OF EROSION OR NON- DEPOSITION, OR THEIR
CORRELATIVE CONFORMITIES’.

• SEQUENCE PROVIDES

A TIME – STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK, BASED UPON

THE GLOBAL EUSTATIC SEA LEVEL CYCLE CHART, CAN
BE USE TO CORRELATE, DATE, MAP AND PREDICT
SEDIMENTARY FACIES.

DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE IS DEFINED AS

A RELATIVELY CONFORMABLE SUCCESSION OF GENETICALLY

RELATED STRATA, BOUNDED ABOVE AND BELOW BY
UNCONFORMITIES OR THEIR CORRELATIVE
CONFORMITIES.
Concept of depositional sequences.
CORRELATIVE CONFORMITY

IS A BEDDING SURFACE SEPARATING YOUNGER FROM OLDER

STRATA ALONG WHICH THERE IS NO EVIDENCE OF
EROSION OR NON- DEPOSITION.

GENETICALLY RELATED

DESCRIBES THE SUIT OF SEDIMENTARY FACIES DEPOSITED

OVER A SPECIFIC PERIOD OF TIME WITHIN THE
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF AN ENTIRE DRAINAGE
BASIN, MAY INCLUDE BASIN’S HIGHLANDS, THE
COASTLINE AND THE ABYSSAL DEPTHS.
RELATIVE SEA LEVEL COMPONENTS AND ACCOMODATION SPACE

THE MARINE STRATIGRAPHIC RECORD IS COMPOSED OF

DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCES.

VARIABLES THAT CONTROL SEQUENCE FROMMATION

FORMATION OF THESE SEQUENCES IS CONTROLLED BY,

• SEDIMENT SUPPLY
IS A FUNCTION OF EROSION, RUNOFF AND FLUVIAL
TRANSPORT LOADS AND PROCESSES, STRONGLY
AFFECTED BY THE COMBINATION OF TECTONICS, CLIMATE
AND DRAINAGE BASIN SIZE.

• EUSTASY
IS THE GLOBAL COMPONENT OF SEA LEVEL CHANGE
CAUSED BY THE SUM OF CLIMATIC VARIABLE
AND GLACIAL AND TECTONIC PROCESSES.

• COMPACTION
REDUCES THE VOLUME OF MARINE SEDIMENTS BY
EXPELLING INTERSTITIAL PORE WATERS AND IS
CAUSED EITHER BY DESICCATION OR OVERLYING
SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION.

• ACCOMMODATION SPACE-
IS SUM TOTAL OF TOTAL OF EUSTASY, SUBSIDENCE AND
COMPACTION.
DEPOSITIONAL GEOMETRIES OF STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCES

THE BALANCE BETWEEN SEDIMENT SUPPLY AND RELATIVE

SEA- LEVEL CONTROLS OVERALL DEPOSITIONAL
GEOMETRIES, WHICH ARE;

PROGRADATIONAL (REGRESSION) GEOMETRIES

• RESULT FROM A DOMINANCE OF SEDIMENT SUPPLY OVER

ACCOMMODATION SPACE.

• THIS SURPLUS CAUSES DEPOSITION TO MIGRATE BASIN WARD

(WHERE SEDIMENTS HAVE SPACE).

• PRODUCES STRATAL CLINOFORMS

• REPRESENTS THE SHELF EDGE, SEPARATING COASTAL PLAIN

AND NERITRIC FACIES FROM BATHYAL FACIES).
 •AN UPWARD- COARSENING PROFILE OF SEDIMENTARY
COMPONENTS ON WELL LOGS, CHARACTERISTIC OF
SHELF MARGIN, HIGHSTAND AND PORTION OF THE
LOWSTAND SYSTEMS.

AGGRADATIONAL GEOMETRIES

• OCCUR WHEN SEDIMENT SUPPLY MATCHES THE INCREASE

IN ACCOMMODATION SPACE AND PRODUCES
VERTICALLY STACKED FACIES.

• ELECTRICAL LOGS SHOW REPETITIVE UNITS OF UPWARD

COARSENING OR MIXED COMPONENTS.
RETROGRADATIONAL (TRANSGRESSION) GEOMETRIES:

• RESULT FROM EITHER SEDIMENT STARVATION OR NET

INCREASE IN ACCOMMODATION SPACE (DUE TO A
RELATIVE SEA LEVEL RISE) OVER SEDIMENT SUPPLY.

• AN UPWARD SHIFT FROM COARSE- GRAINED, INNER-

NERITIC DEPOSITS TO DEEPER, PELAGIC DEPOSITIONAL
ENVIRONMENTS (AS SEA LEVEL RISES AND SHORELINE
MIGRATES).

• PRODUCES FINING UPWARD ELECTRIC LOG PATTERNS.

• ASSOCIATED PREDOMINANTLY WITH TRANSGRESSIVE

SYSTEM TRACT DEPOSITION.
SEISMIC SEQUENCE ANALYSIS

THE STRATA THAT MAKEUP A DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE MAY

BE EITHER

• CONCORDANT

ESSENTIALLY PARALLEL TO SEQUENCE BOUNDARY,

OR

• DISCORDANT

LACKING PARALLELISM WITH RESPECT TO SEQUENCE

BOUNDARIES.

DISCORDANCE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT PHYSICAL CRITERION

USED IN DETERMINING SEQUENCE BOUNDARIES.
TWO MAIN TYPES OF DISCORDANCE ARE;
• TRUNCATION

IS THE LATERAL TERMINATION OF STRATA CUT OFF FROM THEIR

ORIGINAL DEPOSITIONAL LIMITS BY EROSION

OCCURS AT THE UPPER BOUNDARY OF A SEQUENCE AND MAY

BE EITHER LOCAL OR REGION EXTENT

•LAPOUT

IS THE LATERAL TERMINATION OF STRATA AGAINST A

BOUNDARY AT THEIR ORIGINAL DEPOSITIONAL LIMIT.

RELATION OF STRATA TO THE UPPER BOUNDARY OF A DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE.

LAPOUT RELATIONSHIPS ARE FURTHER DIVIDED INTO TWO TYPES;

• BASELAP AND

• TOPLAP

• BASELAP

OCCURS AT THE LOWER BOUNDARY OF A DEPOSITIONAL

SEQUENCE AND IS OF TWO TYPES,

• ONLAP

IS A BASELAP IN WHICH AN INITIALLY HORIZONTAL OR

INCLINED STRATUM TERMINATES AGAINST A
SURFACE OF GREATER INCLINATION.

• DOWNLAP

IS THE BASELAP IN WHICH AN INITIALLY INCLINED STRATUM

TERMINATES DOWNDIP AGAINST AN INITIALLY
HORIZONTAL OR INCLINED SURFACE.
ONLAP AND DOWNLAP INDICATE NONDEPOSITIONAL HIATUSES
AND NOT EROSIONAL BREAKS IN DEPOSITION.

RELATIONSHIP OF STRATA TO THE LOWER BOUNDARY OF A DEPOSITIONAL

SEQUENCE.

• TOPLAP

IS LAPOUT AT UPPER BOUNDARY OF A DEPOSITIONAL

SEQUENCE

TOPLAP IS ALSO EVIDENCE OF A NONDEPOSITIONAL HIATUS.

TERMINOLOGY FOR RELATIONS THAT DEFINE UNCONFORMABLE
BOUNDARIES OF A DEPOSITION SEQUENCE.
A SIMULATED SEISMIC SECTION SHOWING SOME COMMON SEISMIC
FACIES PATTERN THAT CAN BE IDENTIFIED FROM SEISMIC RECORDS.
STRATAL UNITS WITHIN SEQUENCE INCLUDE,

DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEM

IS A THREE DIMENSIONAL ASSEMBLAGE OF LITHOFACIES, GENETICALLY

LINKED BY ACTIVE (MODERN) OR INFERRED (ANCIENT) PROCESSES
AND ENVIRONMENTS (E.G. FLUVIAL, DELTAIC, BARRIER – ISLAND
ETC).

SYSTEM TRACT - A SUBDIVISION OF A DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEM.

FOUR KINDS ARE RECOGNIZED;

I)
A) LOWSTAND SYSTEM TRACT (LST)

B) TRANSGRESSIVE SYSTEM TRACT (TST)

C) HIGHSTAND SYSTEM TRACT (HST)

D) SHELF MARGIN TRACT (SMST)

II) PARASEQUENCE & PARASEQUENCE SET

III) MARINE FLOODING SURFACE

SEQUENCE BOUNDARIES

TWO TYPES OF SEQUENCES AND SEQUENCE BOUNDARIES HAVE BEEN

IDENTIFIED;

• TYPE- I SEQUENCE BOUNDARY

• IS BOUNDED AT ITS BASE BY A TYPE- I SEQUENCE BOUNDARY,

CHARACTERIZED BY SUBAERIAL EXPOSURE AND EROSION
PRODUCED BY RELATIVE FALL IN SEA.

• TYPE- I SEQ. BOUNDARY IS IDENTIFIED BY A BASINWARD SHIFT OF

COASTAL FACIES AND FLUVIAL INCISION.

TYPE- I SEQUENCE CONSISTS OF THREE SYSTEM TRACTS-

A) LOWSTAND SYSTEM TRACT

B) TRANSGRESSIVE SYSTEM TRACT AND

C) HIGHLAND SYSTEM TRACT UNIT,

BUT DOES NOT CONTAINED A SHELF MARGIN SYSTEM TRACT.

• MOST COMMONLY OBSERVED AND REPRESENT THE SETTING FOR
THOSE EXPOSED PORTIONS OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF
DURING THE LOWER SEA LEVEL PHASE.

TYPE- II SEQUENCE BOUNDARY

• HAS A TYPE- II SEQUENCE BOUNDARY AT ITS BASE AND

EITHER A TYPE- I OR TYPE- II SEQUENCE
BOUNDARY AT ITS TOP.

• LACKS THE STRONG EROSINAL FEATURES ASSOCIATED

WITH THE TYPE- I BOUNDARY AND THE
BASINWARD SHIFT OF COASTAL FACIES.

• CONSIDERED RARE WITHIN CLASTIC DEPOSITIONAL

SEQUENCES.
SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATION OF SYSTEM TRACTS AND PARASEQUENCES IN
A TYPE- I AND A TYPE- II EQUENCE.
LOWSTAND SYSTEM TRACT

• IS BOUNDED AT ITS BASE BY A TYPE- I SEQUENCE

BOUNDARY ON SHELF AND ITS CORRELATIVE
COUNTERPART ABOVE THE CONDENSED SECTION
IN DEEPER WATERS.

• TOP IS MARKED BY TRANSGRESSIVE AND HST SURFACES.

• DEPOSITED IN DEEPER BATHYAL ENVIRONMENTS DURING

TIMES OF A FALL IN RELATIVE SEA LEVEL.

• CONTINUE DURING THE SUBSEQUENT RISE IN SEA LEVEL.

• DISPLAY CHARACTERISTIC INTERNAL GEOMETRIES

DURING LST PHASE, INCISED VALLEYS AND CANYONS

ARE ERODED ON THE SHELF. FILLED DURING
SUBSEQUENT RISE IN SEA LEVEL AND ARE LABELED
INCISED VALLEY FILL (IVF).
 •DOWNSLOPE OF THESE FEATURES, THICKEST
ACCUMULATIONS OF RESERVOIR QUALITY SANDS
ARE DEPOSITED.

• SEDIMENTARY BASINS WITH WELL- DEFINED SHELF EDGE

PRODUCE WELL- DEFINED LST INTERNAL
COMPONENTS , WHICH INCLUDE,

- BASIN FLOOR COMPLEX (BFC)

- SLOPE FAN COMPLEX (SFC)
- PROGARDING COMPLEX (PC).

MODEL OF LOWSTAND SYSTEM TRACT

BASIN FLOOR COMPLEX (BFC)
• COMPOSED OF TURBIDITE SANDS AND INTERLAYER SHALES OF
SUBMARINE FANS.

• SEISMIC REFLECTORS - DOWNLAP AND ONLAP TERMINATIONS.

• CONTAINS EXCELLENT RESERVOIR QUALITY SANDS DISPLAY A BLOCKY

PATTERN ON WELL LOGS.

•BFC SANDS- HIGH PERMEABILITY AND POROSITIES, LIMITED CONTINUITY

AND EXCELLENT SEALS WHEN CAPPED BY PELAGIC SHALES.
SLOPE FAN COMPLEX (SFC)
• GRADES UPWARDS FROM PELAGIC SHALES INTO CHANNEL
TRANSPORT COMPLEXES

• SANDS OF GOOD RESERVOIR POTENTIAL FOUND WITHIN

CHANNEL AXES AND AS SHEET SANDS ON LEVEE FLANKS.

• TYPICAL COARSENING- UPWARD PATTERN ON ELECTRICAL LOGS.

LOG RESPONSES OF DIFFERENT SYSTEM TRACT ON SHELF AND SLOPE

PROGRADING COMPLEX (PGC)
• COASTAL ONLAP ACROSS THE SHELF PRODUCES PGC AND
RESULTS IN THE SUPPLY OF DISTAL SEDIMENTS TO THE LST
COMPLEX

• SAND DEPOSITION IS LIMITED TO SHORELINE AREAS ALONG

THE OUTER SHELF, INCLUDE FLUVIAL AND SHOREFACE FACIES
DISPLAY A COARSENING- UPWARD WELL LOG PATTERN.

• THE PGC IS CAPPED BY DEEPWATER DISTAL DEPOSITS OF TST

AND HST.
TRANSGRESSIVE SYSTEM TRACT

• RISE IN RELATIVE SEA LEVEL AND TRANSGRESSION OF THE SHORELINE

ACROSS THE SHELF, SEDIMENT SUPPLY TO LST COMPLEXES IS CUT
OFF, EXCEPT FOR CONTINUED DISTAL ACCUMULATION . SEDIMENTS
ACCUMULATE TO FORM THE TST.

• CHARACTERIZED BY DIPPING STRATAL GEOMETRIES, DEFINES THE

RETROGRADATIONAL ACCUMULATION OF SEDIMENTS ON TOP OF
THE TRANSGRESSIVE SURFACE AND LST .

• THE TOP OF THE TST WILL CONTAIN MFS AND CONDENSED SECTION,
ONTO WHICH THE HST WILL THEN DOWN LAP.

MODEL FOR TRANSGRESSIVE SYSTEM TRACT

• ELECTROLOG REPONSE TST TEND TO FINING UPWARD.

• BASINWARD, TST SEDIMENTS TEND TO THIN AND RECOGNIZED ON

SEISMIC PROFILES BY APPARENT TRUNCATION SURFACE AT THEIR
TOP.

• RESERVOIR QUALITY SANDS WITHIN TST UNITS MAY INCLUDE BEACH

AND SHORELINE FACIES.
HIGHSTAND SYSTEM TRACT
• UPPERMOST UNIT OF A DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE AND OVERLIES
THE PRECEDING TST PHASE AND IS CAPPED BY TYPE- I OR II
SEQUENCE BOUNDARY.

• RECOGNIZED ON SEISMIC PROFILES BY DOWNLAP ONTO MFS

CONDENSED SECTION.

• OCCURS WHEN THE SEDIMENT SUPPLY RATE EXCEEDS THE

ACCOMMODATION SPACE, CAUSING PARASEQUENCE DEPOSITION
AN UPWARD COARSENING OF SEDIMENTS.

• RESERVOIR QUALITY SANDS, CHARACTERIZED BY RIBBONS OF SHEET

SANDS PRODUCED BY SHORELINE FACIES.

Model for HST

SHELF MARGIN SYSTEM TRACT (SMST)

• NOT FREQUENTLY DETECTED, SINCE THEY REPRESENT A RESTRICTED

PERIOD OF DEPOSITION AT THE OUTER SHELF IN ASSOCIATION WITH
A SMALL DROP AND SUBSEQUENT RISE IN SEA LEVEL.

• FORMATION OF AN AGGRADATIONAL COMPLEX, WHICH DOWNLAPS

ONTO A TYPE- II SEQ. BOUNDARY AT OUTER SHELF.

• SMST COMPLEX MAY BE CAPPED BY EITHER A TYPE- I OR II SEQ.

BOUNDARY.

MODEL OF SHELF MARGIN SYSTEM TRACT

PARASEQUENCE

• A RELATIVELY CONFORMABLE SUCCESSION OF GENETICALLY

RELATED BEDS OR BED SETS (WITHIN PARASEQUENCE SET)
BOUNDED BY MARINE FLOODING SURFACES OR THEIR
CORRELATIVE SURFACES.

PARASEQUENCE SET

• A SUCCESSION OF GENETICALLY RELATED PARASEQUENCES

THAT FORM A DISTINCTIVE STACKING PATTERN THAT IS
BOUNDED, IN MANY CASES, BY MAJOR MARINE- FLOODING
SURFACES AND THEIR CORRELATIVE SURFACES.

-.
MAXIMUM FLOODING SURFACE (MFS)

• A MAXIMUM FLOODING SURFACE DEVELOPS DURING THE MAXIMUM

LANDWARD INCURSION OF THE SHORE- LINE. CONDENSED
SECTIONS, IN TURN, FORM WITHIN THE MFS.

• MFS EXHIBITS PELAGIC DEPOSITION AND SEDIMENT STARVED ON THE

SHELF AND SLOPE AND SEPARATES PHASES OF SHOREWARD
RETROGRADATION (TRANSGRESSION) FROM THOSE OF BASINWARD
PROGRADATION (REGRESSION).

• THE MFS IS NOT AN UNCONFORMITY AND IS THEREFORE NOT A

SEQUENCE BOUNDARY, IT REPRESENTS A FUNDAMENTAL
DEPOSITIONAL SURFACE WITHIN A SEQUENCE.

• IT CAN BE A PROMINENT AND USEFUL FEATURE IN SEISMIC

INTERPRETATION.

• MFS AND ASSOCIATED CONDENSED SECTION SOMETIMES PROVIDE A

READILY DETECTABLE REFERENCE SURFACE ON SEISMIC
RECORDS, WELL LOGS AND BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC DATA, CAN USE TO
REGIONALLY CORRELATE STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCES
PARASEQUENCE STACKING PATTERN