DATA RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 5
Presented by:
Mr. Naveet Kumar Vankani (11291)
Miss. Saba Shahid ()
Mr. Ghufran Nisar (11153)
Mr. Najam-us-Saqib Qasmi (12034)
Miss. Iqra Madina (11940)
DATABASE
It is a concept or file organization.
It consists of related files stored
together so that group of data items can
be easily accessed or retrieved by those
who need them.
Database Management System
It is a software that functions as interface
between users, other programs and the
database itself.
It allows the data to be created,
maintained, and retrieved.
The database management systems
approach was developed to solve the
problems of file processing systems.
Types of Database:
1. Operational database
2. Distributed Database
3. External Database
4. Hypermedia Database
Operational Database
It stores detailed data needed to support the
business processes & operations of a
company.
It is also called subject area database(SADB),
transaction database & production database.
E.g. Customer database, human database, etc.
Distributed Databases
Replication or duplication of copies and
parts of databases to network servers at a
variety of websites
• Improves database performance at
worksites.
External Database
Databases available for a fee from
commercial online services, or free from the
Web
• Example: hypermedia databases, statistical
databases, bibliographic and full text
databases
• Search engines like Google or Yahoo are
external databases
Hypermedia Databases
A hypermedia database contains:
• Hyperlinked pages of multimedia
• Interrelated hypermedia page elements,
rather than interrelated data records
How Data are organized in IS:
Data are logically organized into
characters, fields, records, files.
1. Character: It consists of single
alphabetic, numeric, or other symbol.
2. Field: Grouping of related
characteristics.
3. Record: It represents a collection of
attributes that describe an entity.
4. File: It is a group of related records.
• Any grouping of related records in
tabular, or row & column form is called a
File.
• A single table may be referred to as a
Flat file
DATABASE STRUCTURES
The relationships among many
individual data elements stored in
database are based on one of the
several logical data structures or
models.
Types of Database Structure:
Common database structures…
• Hierarchical
• Network
• Relational
• Object-oriented
• Multi-dimensional
Hierarchical Structure
Early DBMS structure
Records arranged in tree-like structure
Relationships are one-to-many
Network Structure
Used in some mainframe DBMS
packages
• Many-to-many relationships
Relational Structure
Most widely used structure
Data elements are stored in tables
Row represents a record; column is a field
Can relate data in one file with data in another,
if both files share a common data element
Relational Operations
Select
• Create a subset of records that meet a stated
criterion
• Example: employees earning more than
$30,000
Join
• Combine two or more tables temporarily
• Looks like one big table
Project
• Create a subset of columns in a table
Multidimensional Structure
Variation of relational model
• Uses multidimensional structures to
organize data
• Data elements are viewed as being in cubes
• Popular for analytical databases that support
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
Multidimensional Model
Object-Oriented Structure
An object consists of
• Data values describing the attributes of an entity.
• Operations that can be performed on the data.
Encapsulation
• Combine data and operations
Inheritance
• New objects can be created by replicating some or all of
the characteristics of parent objects
Object-Oriented Structure
Object-Oriented Structure
Used in object-oriented database
management systems (OODBMS)
Supports complex data types more
efficiently than relational databases
• Example: graphic images, video clips,
web pages
Database Development
Database development:
Involves data planning, database design
and implementation
Creation of database models
Database Administrator
(DBA)
In charge of enterprise database
development
Improves the integrity and security of
organizational databases
Uses Data Definition Language (DDL) to
develop and specify data contents,
relationships, and structure
Stores these specifications in a data
dictionary or a metadata repository
Data Dictionary
A data dictionary
• Contains data about data (metadata)
• Relies on specialized software component to
manage a database of data definitions
It contains information on..
• The names and descriptions of all types of data
records and their interrelationships
• Requirements for end users’ access and use of
application programs
• Database maintenance
• Security
Data Planning Process
It a top-down process.
• Develop an enterprise model.
• Define needs of end user in a business
process.
• Identify key data elements that are needed to
perform their specific business activities.
(ERDs)
Database Design Process
It is a data modeling process where the
relationships are identified in a data
model that supports a basic business
process.
• This model is called “schemas” or
“subschema”.
• The physical design of data basis.
Database Development
Data Warehouses
• A process of centralized data management and
retrieval.
• Stores data that has been extracted from other
databases in an organization.
• Central source of data that has been cleaned,
transformed, and catalog.
• Data is used for data mining, analytical
processing, analysis, research, decision support.
Data warehouses may be divided into
data marts
Subsets of data that focus on specific
aspects of a company (department or
business process)
Data Mining
• Data in data warehouses are analyzed to
reveal hidden patterns and trends
• Market-basket analysis to identify new product bundles
• Find root cause of qualify or manufacturing problems
• Prevent customer attrition
• Acquire new customers
• Cross-sell to existing customers
• Profile customers with more accuracy
