A Programmers guide
to
Java SCJP Certifcation
Ch 1 : Basics Of JAVA
Programming
Chapter Outline
Basic concepts of object oriented programming:
class, object, method, felds, reference, members,
inheritance and aggregation.
ssential elements of JAVA Programming.
!o" to compile and r#n a JAVA Program.
$hree t%pes of e&ec#table in JAVA: Application,
Applets and 'er(lets.
Classes
)embers of class: *ield and )ethod
Abstractions :
+t denotes the essential propert% and beha(ior of an object.
,sed to handle comple&ities in programming.
Class :
,ser -efned -ata t%pe. .e.g. 'tring in Ja(a/
0ro#p of 'imilar 1ind of objects.
Propert% .attrib#te/ and Beha(ior .operations/ of objects are
defned.
Field: A (ariable in
class representing
propert% of an object.
Method: ,sed to
defne operation or
beha(ior of an object.
Example
p#blic class Char'tac12 33C4A'' 5A)
33 C4A'' -C4A6A$+O5':
pri(ate char78 stac1Arra%9 F!E"#S
pri(ate int topOf'tac19
p#blic Char'tac1 .int capacit%/ 2 CO$S%&'C%O&
stac1Arra% : ne" char7capacit%89
topOf'tac1 : ;19
<
ME%(O#S
p#blic (oid p#sh.char element/ 2 stac1Arra%7==topOf'tac18 :
element9 <
p#blic char pop./ 2 ret#rn stac1Arra%7topOf'tac1;;89 <
p#blic boolean ismpt%./ 2 ret#rn topOf'tac1 > ?9 <
p#blic boolean is*#ll./ 2 ret#rn topOf'tac1 :: stac1Arra%. length ; 19 <
<
'M" $otation )or Class
Char'tac1
A**reviated Form
@ $%pes Of Class -eclarations
Char'tac1 Class name
stac1Arra%
topOf'tac1
p#sh./
pop./
ismpt%./
is*#ll./
Expanded Form
Fields
Methods
O*+ects
$he Process of creating objects is called instantiation.
Object m#st be created before is can be #sed.
6eference (al#e is ret#rned "hen an object is created.
+n JAVA, Object can onl% be manip#lated (ia its
reference.
A process of creating object in(ol(es follo"ing steps.
,aria*le #eclaration
CharStac- stac-./ stac-01
Creating an O*+ect 2'sing ne3 -e43ord5
stac-. 6 ne3 CharStac-2.751
Stac-06ne3 CharStac-2851
ach Object has its o"n cop% of felds.
Arg#ments to Constr#ctor
Constructor
A Constr#ctor m#st ha(e the same name as the
class its in.
Ahen a ne" instance of an% class is created, a
constr#cted is called.
+t is #sed to initialiBe objects.
#e)ault Constructor: +f no constr#ctor is created,
defa#lt parameter less constr#ctor is created b%
compiler.
$he frst line of a constr#ctor m#st either be a call
on another constr#ctor in the same class .#sing
this/, or a call on the s#perclass constr#ctor .#sing
s#per/.
-iCerence Bet"een Constructor and Method 9
O*+ect Aliases
Object can be referred b% se(eral references.
'#ch references are called as Aliases.
'#ch an OBJC$ can be manip#lated (ia an% its
Aliases.
Char'tac1 stac1A : ne" Char'tac1.1@/9
Char'tac1 stac1B : ne" Char'tac1.D/9
stac-: 6 stac-A1 2.5 aliases a)ter assignment
Ahat abo#t )emor% allocated to OBJ Estac1BF G
A#tomatic 0arbage Collection.
O*+ect Aliases
:e)ore Aliases
A)ter Aliases
!nstance Mem*ers
*ields of an objects are called !nstance
,aria*les.
)ethods of an object is called as !nstance
Method;
)ethod pertain to each object of a class, not to
get conf#sed "ith the implementation of method,
"hich is shared b% all instance of a class.
+nstance Var. and )ethods collecti(el% called as
+nstance )embers, diCerent from 'tatic )embers.
!nvo-ing Methods
Objects comm#nicate b% )essage passing.
$his is done b% calling a method on the object #sing
the binar% inf& dot .H.H/ operator.
A )ethod Call m#st ha(e *ollo"ing parts.
5ame of an object, that is recei(er of message,
5ame of the method to be in(o1ed,
Arg#ment to be passesd .+* A5I/.
$he method in(o1ed on the recei(er can also send
information bac1 to the sender, (ia a single ret#rn
(al#e.
CharStac- stac- 6 ne3 CharStac- 2851 Create a stac-
stac-;push 2<J<51 2.5 Character <J< pushed
stac-;printStac-Elements 251 205 Compile=time error: $o such
method in CharStac-
Static Mem*ers
-oes not belong to an% object, belongs to class
onl4.
*or instance, A Class "ants to 1eep trac1, no. of
objects created.
'#ch a co#nter can not belonged to an% object.
,se Static 1e% "ord.
'tatic (ariables are initialiBed at r#n time, "hen
class is called and defa#lt (al#e is J6O.
'imilarl%, methods can also be defned as static.
Summar4 OF
%erminologies
!nheritance
!nheritance and Aggregation : @ mechanism to
b#ild class from f#ndamental classes.
*or +nstance, class Car2derived5 can inherit class
,ehicle2:ase5;
+n Ja(a, deri(ing a ne" class from an e&isting class
reK#ires the #se of the e&tends cla#se in the
s#bclass declaration.
A s#bclass can e&tend onl% one s#perclass.5o
)#ltiple +nheritance/. $he s#bclass can inherit
members of the s#perclass.
!o"e(er, )#ltile(el inheritance is possible.
Example
// Source Filename: CharStack.java
p#blic class Char'tac1 2
// Instance variables
protected char78 stac1Arra%9 // The array that implements the stack.
protected int topOf'tac19 // The top of the stack.
< // The rest of the definition is the same as in prevoius Example
//Filename: PrintableCharStack.java
p#blic class PrintableChar'tac1 e&tends Char'tac1 2 33 .1/
// Instance method
p#blic (oid print'tac1lements./ 2 33 .@/
for .int i : ?9 i >: topOf'tac19 i==/
'%stem.o#t.print.stac1Arra%7i8/9 33 print each char
'%stem.o#t.println./9
<
33 Constr#ctor calls the constr#ctor of the s#perclass e&plicitl%.
PrintableChar'tac1.int capacit%/ 2 s#per.capacit%/9 < 33 .L/
<
Aggregation
B#ilding ne" classes from e&isting classes #sing
aggregation/ a composite object is b#ilt from the
elemental objects that are its parts.
*or +nstance, Class ,ehicle has se(eral parts,
therefore object of (ehicle is composite object.
b#ilding ne" classes from e&isting classes #sing
aggregation, a composite object is b#ilt from the
constit#ent objects that are its parts.
+n contrast to the constit#ent objects "hose
reference (al#es are stored in felds, the (al#es of
primiti(e data t%pes are themsel(es stored in the
felds of the composite object.
%enets O) JA,A
Code in JAVA m#st be encaps#lated in class.
$here are t"o 1inds of (al#es in JAVA: O*+ects /
that are instance of class or arra% A5- atomic
values of primiti(e data t%pes.
&e)erence denotes objects and are #sed to
manip#late objects.
Objects in ja(a can not contain other objects, the%
can onl% contain reference to other objects.
-#ring &ec#tion, reclamation o) o*+ects that
are no longer in #se are managed b% the r#ntime
s%stem.
Java Programs
ach so#rce fle name has a ;+ava e&tension.
A 'o#rce fle can contain more than one class, B#t
in each so#rce fle A%MOS% one p#blic class can
be there.
ach class declaration in a so#rce fle is compiled
into a separate class fle, containing Ja(a b%te
code.
$he name of this fle comprises the name of the
class "ith .class as its e&tension.
$he classes in the Ja(a standard librar% are alread%
compiled, and the J-M tools 1no" "here to fnd
them.
Sample Program
public class CharStack // Source Filename: CharStack.java
// Same as in previous !"ample #.$.
%
public class Client //Filename: Client.java
public static void main&Strin'() ar's*
CharStack stack + ne, CharStack&-.*/
Strin' str + 01no tis ot nuf era skcatS0/
int len'th + str.len'th&*/
System.out.println&02ri'inal strin': 0 3 str*/
for &int i + ./ i 4 len'th/ i33*
stack.push&str.char5t&i**/
%
System.out.print&06eversed strin': 0*/
,hile &1stack.is!mpty&**
System.out.print&stack.pop&**/
%
System.out.println&*/
%
%
Summar4 o) chapter
$he follo"ing information "as incl#ded in this
chapter:
N Basic concepts in OOP, and ho" the% are s#pported
in Ja(a
N ssential elements of a Ja(a application
N Compiling and r#nning Ja(a applications
