Elasticity and Its
Applications
Copyright 2004 South-Western
Elasticity
The focus of this lecture is the elasticity. Students will
learn about the price elasticity of demand, price
elasticity of supply, cross elasticity and income
elasticity.
It allows us to analyze supply and demand with greater
precision.
Elasticity is a measure of how much buyers and sellers
respond to changes in market conditions
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THE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand is a measure of how
much the quantity demanded of a good
responds to a change in the price of that good.
Price elasticity of demand is the percentage
change in quantity demanded given a percent
change in the price.
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The Price Elasticity of Demand and Its
Determinants
Availability of Close Substitutes
Necessities versus Luxuries
Definition of the Market
Time Horizon
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The Price Elasticity of Demand and Its
Determinants
Demand tends to be more elastic :
the larger the number of close substitutes.
if the good is a luxury.
the more narrowly defined the market.
the longer the time period.
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Determinants of Price Elasticity of Demand
Various factors influence the price elasticity of demand. Here are some of them:
1. Substitutes: If a product can be easily substituted, its demand is elastic, like Gap's
jeans. If a product cannot be substituted easily, its demand is inelastic, like gasoline.
2. Luxury Vs Necessity: Necessity's demand is usually inelastic because there are
usually very few substitutes for necessities. Luxury product, such as leisure sail boats,
are not needed in a daily bases. There are usually many substitutes for these products.
So their demand is more elastic.
3. Price/Income Ratio: The larger the percentage of income spent on a good, the more
elastic is its demand. A change in these products' price will be highly noticeable
as they affect consumers' budget with a bigger magnitude. Consumers will respond by
cutting back more on these product when price increases. On the other hand, the
smaller the percentage of income spent on a good, the less elastic is its demand.
4. Time lag: The longer the time after the price change, the more elastic will be the
demand. It is because consumers are given more time to carry out their actions. A 1day sale usually generate less sales change per day as a sale lasted for 2 weeks.
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Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand
The price elasticity of demand is computed as
the percentage change in the quantity demanded
divided by the percentage change in price.
Price elasticity of demand =
Percentage change in quantity demanded
Percentage change in price
Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand
Price elasticity of demand =
Percentage change in quantity demanded
Percentage change in price
Example: If the price of an ice cream cone
increases from $2.00 to $2.20 and the amount
you buy falls from 10 to 8 cones, then your
elasticity of demand would be calculated as:
(10 8)
100
20%
10
2
(2.20 2.00)
100 10%
2.00
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The Midpoint Method
A Better Way to Calculate Percentage Changes
and Elasticities
The midpoint formula is preferable when
calculating the price elasticity of demand
because it gives the same answer regardless of
the direction of the change.
(Q 2 Q1 ) / [(Q 2 Q1 ) / 2]
Price elasticity of demand =
(P2 P1 ) / [(P2 P1 ) / 2]
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Why midpoint method is better?
Point A: Price = 4, Quantity = 120
Pont B: Price = 6, Quantity = 80
EA = 33/50 = 0.66 (Quantity fall & Price rise)
EB = 50 /33 = 1.5 (Price fall & Quantity rise)
Different arises because of shift in base
To avoid this problem, one can use Midpoint
method
Midpoint method gives the same answer
regardless of direction of change.
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The Midpoint Method..
Example: If the price of an ice cream cone
increases from 2.00 to 2.20 and the amount you
buy falls from 10 to 8 cones, then your
elasticity of demand, using the midpoint
formula, would be calculated as:
(10 8)
22%
(10 8) / 2
2.32
(2.20 2.00)
9.5%
(2.00 2.20) / 2
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The Variety of Demand Curves
Inelastic Demand
Quantity demanded does not respond strongly to
price changes.
Price elasticity of demand is less than one.
Elastic Demand
Quantity demanded responds strongly to changes in
price.
Price elasticity of demand is greater than one.
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Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand
(100 - 50)
ED
Price
$5
4
(4.00 5.00)/2
67 percent
-3
- 22 percent
Demand
50
(4.00 - 5.00)
(100 50)/2
100 Quantity
Demand is price elastic
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The Variety of Demand Curves
Perfectly Inelastic
Quantity demanded does not respond to price
changes.
Perfectly Elastic
Quantity demanded changes infinitely with any
change in price.
Unit Elastic
Quantity demanded changes by the same percentage
as the price.
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An Example
DEMAND FUNCTION FOR PRODUCT X: P = 2.50.01Q
P = PRICE; Q = QUANTITY, TR = TOTAL REVENUE
Ed = PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Q:
P:
Ed:
A B C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
4.5 4 3.5 3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
17 5 2.6 1.57
1 0.64 0.38 0.2 0.06
ELASTICITY OF DEMAND;
FROM A TO E Ed >1
FROM E TO F Ed =1
FROM F TO J Ed <1
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Figure 1 The Price Elasticity of Demand
(a) Perfectly Inelastic Demand: Elasticity Equals 0
Price
Demand
$5
4
1. An
increase
in price . . .
100
Quantity
2. . . . leaves the quantity demanded unchanged.
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Figure 1 The Price Elasticity of Demand
(b) Inelastic Demand: Elasticity Is Less Than 1
Price
$5
4
1. A 22%
increase
in price . . .
Demand
90
100
Quantity
2. . . . leads to an 11% decrease in quantity demanded.
Figure 1 The Price Elasticity of Demand
(c) Unit Elastic Demand: Elasticity Equals 1
Price
$5
4
Demand
1. A 22%
increase
in price . . .
80
100
Quantity
2. . . . leads to a 22% decrease in quantity demanded.
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Figure 1 The Price Elasticity of Demand
(d) Elastic Demand: Elasticity Is Greater Than 1
Price
$5
4
Demand
1. A 22%
increase
in price . . .
50
100
Quantity
2. . . . leads to a 67% decrease in quantity demanded.
Figure 1 The Price Elasticity of Demand
(e) Perfectly Elastic Demand: Elasticity Equals Infinity
Price
1. At any price
above $4, quantity
demanded is zero.
$4
Demand
2. At exactly $4,
consumers will
buy any quantity.
0
3. At a price below $4,
quantity demanded is infinite.
Quantity
Relation betweenTotal Revenue and the
Price Elasticity of Demand
Total revenue is the amount paid by buyers and
received by sellers of a good.
Computed as the price of the good times the
quantity sold.
TR = P x Q
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Figure 2 Total Revenue
Price
$4
P Q = $400
(revenue)
Demand
100
Quantity
Q
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Elasticity and Total Revenue along a Linear
Demand Curve
With an inelastic demand curve, an increase in
price leads to a decrease in quantity that is
proportionately smaller. Thus, total revenue
increases.
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Figure 3 How Total Revenue Changes When Price
Changes: Inelastic Demand
Price
Price
leads to an Increase in
total revenue from $100 to
$240
An Increase in price from $1
to $3
$3
Revenue = $240
$1
Demand
Revenue = $100
0
100
Quantity
Demand
0
80
Quantity
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With an elastic demand curve, an increase in
the price leads to a decrease in quantity
demanded that is proportionately larger. Thus,
total revenue decreases.
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Figure 4 How Total Revenue Changes When Price
Changes: Elastic Demand
Price
Price
leads to an decrease in
total revenue from $200 to
$100
An Increase in price from $4
to $5
$5
$4
Demand
Demand
Revenue = $200
50
Revenue = $100
Quantity
20
Quantity
Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
TR Test Example
DEMAND FUNCTION FOR PRODUCT X: P = 2.5-0.01Q
P = PRICE; Q = QUANTITY, TR = TOTAL REVENUE
Ed = PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Q:
P:
TR:
Ed:
A
0
4.5
0
17
B
C
50 100
4
3.5
200 350
5
2.6
D
E
150 200
3
2.5
450 500
1.57
1
F
250
2
500
0.64
G
H I
300 350 400
1.5
1 0.5
450 350 200
0.38 0.2 0.06
ELASTICITY OF DEMAND;
FROM A TO E Ed >1 TR increases
FROM E TO F Ed =1 TR remains same.
FROM F TO I Ed <1
TR decreases.
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Income Elasticity of Demand
Income elasticity of demand measures how
much the quantity demanded of a good
responds to a change in consumers income.
It is computed as the percentage change in the
quantity demanded divided by the percentage
change in income.
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Computing Income Elasticity
Percentage change
in quantity demanded
Income elasticity of demand =
Percentage change
in income
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Income Elasticity
Types of Goods
Normal Goods
Inferior Goods
Higher income raises the quantity demanded for
normal goods but lowers the quantity demanded
for inferior goods.
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Income Elasticity
Goods consumers regard as necessities tend to
be income inelastic
Examples include food, fuel, clothing, utilities, and
medical services.
Goods consumers regard as luxuries tend to be
income elastic.
Examples include sports cars, furs, and expensive
foods.
Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
THE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY
Price elasticity of supply is a measure of how
much the quantity supplied of a good responds
to a change in the price of that good.
Price elasticity of supply is the percentage
change in quantity supplied resulting from a
percent change in price.
Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
Figure 6 The Price Elasticity of Supply
(a) Perfectly Inelastic Supply: Elasticity Equals 0
Price
Supply
$5
4
1. An
increase
in price . . .
100
Quantity
2. . . . leaves the quantity supplied unchanged.
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Figure 6 The Price Elasticity of Supply
(b) Inelastic Supply: Elasticity Is Less Than 1
Price
Supply
$5
4
1. A 22%
increase
in price . . .
100
110
Quantity
2. . . . leads to a 10% increase in quantity supplied.
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Figure 6 The Price Elasticity of Supply
(c) Unit Elastic Supply: Elasticity Equals 1
Price
Supply
$5
4
1. A 22%
increase
in price . . .
100
125
Quantity
2. . . . leads to a 22% increase in quantity supplied.
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Figure 6 The Price Elasticity of Supply
(d) Elastic Supply: Elasticity Is Greater Than 1
Price
Supply
$5
4
1. A 22%
increase
in price . . .
100
200
Quantity
2. . . . leads to a 67% increase in quantity supplied.
Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Figure 6 The Price Elasticity of Supply
(e) Perfectly Elastic Supply: Elasticity Equals Infinity
Price
1. At any price
above $4, quantity
supplied is infinite.
$4
Supply
2. At exactly $4,
producers will
supply any quantity.
0
3. At a price below $4,
quantity supplied is zero.
Quantity
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APPLICATIONS OF SUPPLY,
DEMAND, AND ELASTICITY
Can good news for farming be bad news for
farmers?
What happens to wheat farmers and the market
for wheat when university agronomists discover
a new wheat hybrid that is more productive
than existing varieties?
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Figure 8 An Increase in Supply in the Market for Wheat
Price of
Wheat
2. . . . leads
to a large fall
in price . . .
1. When demand is inelastic,
an increase in supply . . .
S1
S2
$3
2
Demand
0
100
110
Quantity of
Wheat
3. . . . and a proportionately smaller
increase in quantity sold. As a result,
revenue falls from $300 to $220.
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Why did OPEC fail to keep the price
of oil high?
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Figure 9a A Reduction in Supply in the World
Market for Oil
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Figure 9b A Reduction in Supply in the World
Market for Oil
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Does Drug Prohibition Increase or
Decrease Drug-Related Crime?
Price of
Drugs
Price of
Drugs
Supply
S2
P2
S1
P1
P1
Demand
P2
D1
D2
Q2
Q1
Quantity of Drugs 0
Q2
Q1
Quantity of Drugs
(a) Drug Prohibition
(b) Drug Education
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