Fruit Juice Processing
Technologies
Belaniso, Kay Kathleen
Belonguel, Joyce Marian
General Process Steps in Fruit Juice
Production
Pre-treatment of Fruits
Juice Extraction
Juice Clarification and Refining
Juice Pasteurization and Concentration (for purees)
Pretreatment of Fruits for Fruit juice
Production
Washing
Sorting
Peeling/Destemming/Trimming
Size Reduction (Milling/Chopping/Crushing)
Washing
Fruit washers are usually conveyor belts or roller conveyors with
water sprays, brushes or rubber rolls.
Addition of detergents can be done or 1.5% HCl solution with wash
water to remove traces of insecticides or fungicides.
Using warm water at about 50 C
a
Figure 1. a. rotary conveyor washer with brushes; b. belt conveyor washer; c. belt
conveyor washer with spray.
Sorting
Sorting can be done by variety or maturity. Table 1 below presents
the different sorting methods.
Table 1. Fruit sorting methods
Sorting Method
Description
By size
Rollers, Diverging belts, reels with holes
By weight
Sorted into 20 or more weight grades
By texture firmness
Bounce System
By color
Citrus color sorter measures green to yellow ratio
Peeling/Destemming/Trimming
Peeling Removal of peels of the fruit before juice extraction
Destemming Removal of stems that are still attached to the fruit
Trimming Usually done manually; used to remove remaining
defective parts of the fruit
Peeling
Table 2. Different peeling methods used in Fruit juice Processing
Size Reduction (Milling/Chopping/Crushing)
Size reduction is usually used for fruits that are hard, such as
apples or pears.
Common size reduction equipment used
Fruit Grinding Mill a rotating disk with grinding knives arranged radially.
The speed of the disk can be adjusted to produce the desired particle size.
Figure 2. Fruit Grinding Mill
Size Reduction (Milling/Chopping/Crushing)
Rasp or grater mill it has a revolving metal cylinder with adjustable toothed
blades which rotate toward a set of parallel knives or plates.
Fixed blade hammer mills it has a rotor with fixed blades which rotate within
a perforated screen. Hammer mills can be arranged horizontally, sloping or
vertical shaft mounted.
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of fixed blade hammer mill
(left); Fixed blade hammer mill equipment (right)
Juice Extraction
Citrus Juice Extraction
Juice can be extracted from the whole fruit without cutting it in half.
Figure 4. Whole fruit juice extractor.
Juice Extraction
Fruit is cut into have before extracting the juice.
Figure 5. Fruit juice Extractor equipment
Juice Extraction
Pressing
For extracting juice from fruits like apples, the size reduction step was a
preparation for this step. After milling the fruits, it is then subjected to
pressing process to extract the juice from the fruit.
Belt press for continuous operation, a belt press can be used. A layer of
mash is pumped into the belt entering the machine.
Figure 6. belt press for juice processing
Juice Extraction
Centrifugation the liquid juice is separated from the solids from
the milled fruit through their difference of density with the aid of
centrifugal force.
Figure 7. Centrifuge equipment
Juice Clarification and Refining
Centrifugation can be used as a clarification step to remove
suspended solids in the juice.
Filtration to remove insoluble matter in the juice.
Juice Pasteurization and Concentration
References
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