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UNit-II Demographic Environment

This document discusses demographic trends in India. It provides an overview of key demographic concepts and indicators such as population growth, age structure, sex ratio, dependency ratio, family size, literacy rates, urbanization, and life expectancy. Some of the main points covered include that India's population is growing at around 16 million per year, has a broad-based age pyramid typical of developing nations, and has seen improvements in literacy rates, life expectancy, and urbanization over time but still faces issues like a low sex ratio and regional disparities.

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38 views14 pages

UNit-II Demographic Environment

This document discusses demographic trends in India. It provides an overview of key demographic concepts and indicators such as population growth, age structure, sex ratio, dependency ratio, family size, literacy rates, urbanization, and life expectancy. Some of the main points covered include that India's population is growing at around 16 million per year, has a broad-based age pyramid typical of developing nations, and has seen improvements in literacy rates, life expectancy, and urbanization over time but still faces issues like a low sex ratio and regional disparities.

Uploaded by

pnbchari6471
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

UNIT-II

SOCIO-POLITICAL
ENVIRONMENT
1. DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT
2. DEMOGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION
3. SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
4. SOCIAL CLASS STRATIFICATION
5. UNDERSTANDING FAMILY
6. POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT
7. IMPACT OF POLITICAL
ENVIRONMENT ON BUSINESS

DEMOGRAPHIC
ENVIRONMENT

DEMOGRAPHIC
TRENDS IN INDIA

INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION Demography is the scientific study of human
population.

5 Processes in demography :
Fertility, mortality , marriage ,migration and
Social mobility.

3 Phenomena in demography:
Change in population size Growth or Decline
Composition of population

1/11

DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
5 STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
Stage

BR

DR

Examples

Stage
1

High
Stationary

India was in
this stage till 1920

Stage
2

Early
Expanding

Stage
3

Late
Expanding

India, China,
Singapore

Stage
4

Low
Stationary

UK, Denmark,
Sweden, Belgium

Stage
5

Declining

Germany &
Hungary

South Asia & Africa

INDIA 1920

High Stationary

INDIA PRESENT

Late Expanding
2/11

HISTORICAL
POPULATION OF INDIA

DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN INDIAYear


India has 2.4% world land area & 17% of worlds
population.
Year 1921- Big divide.
Indias population currently increasing at rate of 16
million/yr.

Population
projection:
If our population
continues to grow
at this rate:
By 2050 Indias
population will be
1.53 billion.

Population
(Millions)

1901

238

1911

252

1921

251

1931

279

1941

318

1951

361

1961

439

1971

548

1981

683

1991

846

2001

1028

2011

1210

Source: 1. K . Park 22nd


Edition
2. Census 2011
3/11

DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS

Populatio
n
Statistics

DEMOGRAPHIC
INDICATORS

Birth Rate
Death Rate

Vital
Statistics

Growth Rate
Life Expectancy at Birth
Mortality & Fertility Rate

4/11

Proportion of population < 14 yrs. DECLINING Trend .


Proportion of the elderly INCREASING.
This Imposes a greater BURDEN on Health
services in India.

AGE & SEX


COMPOSITION
AGE PYRAMID:
Represents Age structure of a population.

The age pyramid of India is typical of developing countries i.e. with a BROAD BASE and
TAPERING TOP.

Source: Census 2011

5/11

SEX RATIO

Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000


males in the population.
The sex ratio in the country has always remained
unfavorable to females.
Census
year

Sex ratio
(Females
per 1000
males)

1951

946

1961

941

1971

930

1981

934

1991

927

2001

933

2011

940

Causes of low sex ratio:


Strong Male child
preference
Consequent gender
Inequities
Neglect of the girl child
Female infanticide
Female foeticide
High MMR
Male bias in population
enumeration.
ALARMING: Census 2011
marks a considerable fall in
child sex ratio (0-6 yrs. )
and has reached an all time
low of 914 since 1961.
6/11

DEPENDENCY
RATIO

Total dependency ratio = 0-14 years + 65 years and


above
15 to 65 years

For the Year 2010:


Young Age dependency Ratio47.9%
Old Age dependency
Ratio-7.7%
Source- K. Park 22nd
edition

DEMOGRAPHIC BONUS
A decline in the TDR d/t- Decline in
fertility.
Key factor in Economic development.
DEMOGRAPHIC BURDEN
Increase in the TDR.
Cause of Economic Burden.

7/11

FAMILY
SIZE

Total number of children borne by a women at


a point in time during her child bearing age (15
to 45 years).

Total fertility rate (TFR) gives an idea of


total family size.
TFR in India: 2.68 (NFHS-3).

Family size depends upon


Duration of marriage
Education of couple
No. of live births
Contraception method
Socioeconomic status etc.

2 Child Family Norm


Long term goal
NRR=1

8/11

CENSUS 2011

Rural
Population
(millions)

Urban
Population
(millions)

Increase in
Urban
population (%)

INDIA

833.1

377.1

3.35

URBANIZATION

Mass migration of rural population into urban centers resulting in increasing the
urban population & growth of cities.
Cause of urbanization: MIGRATION d/t Better employment opportunities.
Better living standards.

Better availability of social services


Entertainment etc.

like

Education,

Health,

Transport,

9/11

LITERACY & EDUCATION


A person (7 yrs. or more) is considered as literate if he or she can read & write with
understanding in any language.
Highest Literacy Rate in India- KERALA (93.91).

Dismal picture in Bihar (Lit. Rate- 63.82%) &


Arunachal Pradesh (Lit. Rate- 66.9%)

70

74.04
65.38

60
50

43.57

30

lit.(%)

India

82.1
4

65.46

74.04

Uttar
Pradesh

79.2
4

59.26

69.72

52.21

40

10

lit.
(%)

Total
lit.(%)

Literacy Rate in India

80

20

State

Literacy
Male Rates:
Female

28.3

34.45

nd
Source: 1.
K . Park 22
Edition 93.91
Kerala
96.0
91.98
2.2Census 2011

18.33
1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

10/11

LIFE
EXPECTANCY

Indicator
of
countrys level of
development
&
overall health status
of the population.
Expectation of life
at birth World
(Combined for both
sexes)
1950 : 46.5
years
2002
years

: 63

Expectation of life -at a given age is the


average number of years which a person of
that age may expect to live, according to the
mortality pattern prevalent in that country.
Expectation of life at birth
(India):

Year

Males

Females

1901

23.63

23.96

1951

32.45

31.66

1961

41.89

40.55

1971

46.40

44.70

1981

54.10

54.70

1991

59.70

60.90

2001

63.90

66.90

2009

63

66

Source: 1. K . Park 22nd


Edition

11/11

REFERENCES: CENSUS 2011 & K.PARK 22nd Edition.


AT A GLANCE:

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