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Control Systems1

This document defines and provides examples of control systems. It discusses: - Definitions of systems, inputs, and outputs - Open-loop and closed-loop control systems, with feedback being a key characteristic of closed-loop systems - Examples of simple control systems like switches and thermostats - Characteristics of feedback such as increased accuracy and reduced sensitivity - Analog and digital signals in control systems - The goal of control systems engineering to analyze and design control system configurations - Common models used to represent control systems including mathematical, block diagram, and signal flow graph models

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Mohammad Gulam Ahamad
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
141 views

Control Systems1

This document defines and provides examples of control systems. It discusses: - Definitions of systems, inputs, and outputs - Open-loop and closed-loop control systems, with feedback being a key characteristic of closed-loop systems - Examples of simple control systems like switches and thermostats - Characteristics of feedback such as increased accuracy and reduced sensitivity - Analog and digital signals in control systems - The goal of control systems engineering to analyze and design control system configurations - Common models used to represent control systems including mathematical, block diagram, and signal flow graph models

Uploaded by

Mohammad Gulam Ahamad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONTROL SYSTEMS: WHAT THEY

ARE
System:
Definition 1: A system is an
arrangement, set, or collection of
things connected or related in such a
manner as to form an entirety or
whole.
Definition 2: A system is an
arrangement of physical components
connected or related in such a manner
as to form and/or act as an entire unit.

The word control is usually taken to


mean regulate, direct, or command.
Combining the above definitions, we
have
Definition: A control system is an
arrangement of physical components
connected or related in such a
manner as to command, direct, or
regulate itself or another system.

before exemplifying this, we define two


terms:
input and output, which help in
identifying, delineating, or defining a
control system.
Definition Input: The input is the
stimulus, excitation or command applied
to a control system, typically from an
external energy source, usually in order
to produce a specified response from the
control system.

Definition Output: The output is the


actual response obtained from a
control system.
It may or may not be equal to the
specified response implied by the input. The
Inputs and outputs can have many different
forms. Inputs, for example, may be physical
variables, or more abstract quantities such
as reference, set point, or desired values for
the output of the control system.

The purpose of the control system usually


identifies or defines the output and input.
If the output and input are given, it is
possible to identify, delineate, or define
the nature of the system components.
Control systems may have more than one
input or output. Often all inputs and
outputs are welldefined by the system
description.

EXAMPLE1
An electric switch is a manufactured
control system, controlling the flow of
electricity. By definition, the apparatus or
person flipping the switch is not a part of this
control system. Flipping the switch on or off
may be considered as the input. That is,
the input can be in one of two states, on
or off. The output is the flow or non flow (two
states) of electricity. The electric switch is one
of the most rudimentary control systems.

EXAMPLE2
A thermostatically controlled heater or furnace
automatically regulating the temperature of a room or
enclosure is a control system. The input to this
system is a reference temperature, usually specified
by appropriately setting a thermostat. The output is
the actual temperature of the room or enclosure.
When the thermostat detects that the output is less
than the input, the furnace provides heat until the
temperature of the enclosure becomes equal to the
reference input. Then the furnace is automatically
turned off.
When the temperature falls somewhat below the
reference temperature, the furnace is turned on
again.

A part of the human temperature control system


is the perspiration system. When the temperature
of the air exterior to the skin becomes too high
the sweat glands secrete heavily, inducing
cooling of the skin by evaporation. Secretions are
reduced when the desired cooling effect is
achieved, or when the air temperature falls
sufficiently.
The input to this system may be normal or
comfortable skin temperature, a set point, or
the air
temperature, a physical variable. The output is
the actual skin temperature.

OPEN-LOOP AND CLOSED-LOOP


CONTROL SYSTEMS
An open-loop control system is one in which the
control action is independent of the output.
A closed-loop control system is one in which the
control action is somehow dependent on the output
Features of open-loop control systems are:
1. Their ability to perform accurately is determined
by their calibration. To calibrate means to establish
or reestablish the input-output relation to obtain a
desired system accuracy.
2. They are not usually troubled with problems of
instability, a concept to be subsequently
.

OPEN-LOOP AND CLOSED-LOOP


CONTROL SYSTEMS
Closed-loop control systems are more
commonly called feedback control systems,
Most automatic toasters are open-loop
systems because they are controlled by a
timer. The time required to make good
toast must be estimated by the user, who is
not part of the system.
An autopilot mechanism and the airplane it
controls is a closed-loop (feedback) control
system. Its purpose is to maintain a specified
airplane heading, despite atmospheric
changes.

FEEDBACK
Feedback is that characteristic of closedloop control systems which distinguishes
them from open-loop systems.
Feedback is that property of a closed-loop
system which permits the output (or some
other controlled variable) to be compared
with the input to the system (or an input
to some other internally situated
component or subsystem) so that the
appropriate control action may be formed
as some function of the output and input.

CHARACTERISTICS OF FEEDBACK
Increased accuracy
Tendency toward oscillation or
instability
Reduced sensitivity of the ratio of
output to input
Reduced effects of nonlinearities
Reduced effects of external
disturbances or noise
Increased bandwidth.

ANALOG AND DIGITAL CONTROL


SYSTEMS
A signal dependent on a continuum of
values of the independent variable t is
called a continuous-time signal or, more
generally, a continuous-data signal or (less
frequently) an analog signal.
A signal defined at, or of interest at, only
discrete (distinct) instants of the
independent variable t (upon which it
depends) is called a discrete-time, a
discrete data,
a sampled-data, or a digital signal.

THE CONTROL SYSTEMS


ENGINEERING PROBLEM

Control systems engineering consists of analysis and


design of control systems configurations.
Analysis is the investigation of the properties of an
existing system. The design problem is the choice
and arrangement of system components to perform
a specific task.
Two methods exist for design:
1. Design by analysis
2. Design by synthesis
Design by analysis is accomplished by modifying the
characteristics of an existing or standard system
configuration, and design by synthesis by defining
the form of the system directly from its
specifications. The choice and arrangement of
system components to perform a specific task.

CONTROL SYSTEM MODELS OR


REPRESENTATIONS
Three basic representations (models) of
components and systems are used
extensively in the study of control systems:
1. Mathematical models, in the form of
differential equations, difference equations,
and/or other mathematical relations, for
example, Laplace- and z-transforms
2. Block diagrams
3. Signal flow graphs

Identify the input and output for an


automatic washing machine.
If the proper amounts of detergent,
bleach, and water, and the appropriate
temperature of the water are
predetermined or specified by the
machine manufacturer, or automatically
entered by the machine itself, then the
input is the time (in minutes) for the
wash and spin cycle. The timer is
usually set by a human operator.

The output of a washing machine is more


difficult to identify. Let us define clean as
the absence of
foreign substances from the items to be
washed. Then we can identdify the output
as the percentage of cleanliness. At the
start of a cycle the output is less than
100%, and at the end of a cycle the
output is ideally equal to 100% (clean
clothes are not always obtained).

Identify the organ-system components, and the


input and output, and describe the operation of the
biological control system consisting of a human
being reaching for an object.

The basic components of this intentionally


oversimplified control system description
are the brain, arm and hand, and eyes.

The brain sends the required nervous


system signal to the arm and hand to reach
for the object. This signal is amplified in the
muscles of the arm and hand, which
serve as power actuators for the
system. The eyes are employed as a
sensing device, continuously feeding
back the position of the hand to the
brain.Hand position is the output for the
system. The input is object position.

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