Learning
BC(SC) 3rd
Semester
Week 5
Scope of This Week
About Learning
Definitions
Types Of Learning
Principles of Learning
Factors Facilitating Learning
Learning is a Process
An active engagement with experience
It
is what people do when they want to
make sense of the world
May involve development & deepening
of:
Skills
Knowledge
Understanding
Awareness
Values
Ideas And Feelings
Learning is most effective when
it happens at both, a belief and
an identity level; so that we
can make sense of something
and can relate it to our own
life experiences
Learning Is…
An Innate & Lifelong Process
All humans want to learn & CAN
Passion, Curiosity & Persistence Helps
Value what you know & can do
Occurs All The Time
You learn more than the curriculum
Your behavior influences the process
Exhibit Team Work & a Continuous Effort
Makes Meaning Of The World
Develops understanding
Ideas are open to questioning and refinement
Patiently give time to build meaning
Learning Is…cont
A Learners Responsibility
Individual Differences Matter
We only Remember What Is Relevant & Significant
Learners can self-assess and develop capacity to
monitor own learning
Connection Of The Old With The New Lessons
Discover what YOU already know
Challenge Your Suppositions And Preconceptions
Influenced By Social Relationships
Develop positive relationships
A purposeful teacher/learner & learner/learner
interaction helps learning further
Learning Is…cont
Significantly Affected By Emotions
Safe, Positive & Secure environment Helps
Acknowledge emotions and emotional contexts
Self-concept Affects Motivation & Learning
Communicate positive expectations
Show confidence in YOUR abilities
Acknowledge and celebrate success
Embedded In Purposeful & Meaningful
Experiences
Be Involved in the goal setting process
Connect what is being taught to hypothetical and real-
life experiences
Learning Is…cont
PartlyIs Understanding Of
The Context
Be aware of how your behavior
influences the context for learning
Complex And Non-linear
Recognize the educational potential
in Risk-taking, Mistakes Or Errors
Show Perseverance
“Learning is a relatively permanent
change in organism’s behavior due to
experience”
David G. Myers
“ Learning is a process of having
one’s behavior modified more or
less permanently”
N.L Munn
Types of Learning
1. Learning By Insight Or
Intelligence
2. Learning By Trial & Error
3. Learning By Conditioning
4. Learning By Imitation
1. Learning by Insight or Intelligence
Intellectual Aspects Generate Process
Of Learning
ItAlso Involves Re-organization Of
The Perceptual Field
Promotes Goal-directed Behavior
UseOf Intelligence To Cope With
Novel & Difficult Situations
2. Learning By Trial And Error
Based On Trying, Failing, Varying
The Procedure And Ultimately
Attaining Success
Its
Like Finding The Appropriate
Key Out Of The Bunch In The Dark
Evident In Children
Applicable In Learning Sports
3. Learning By Association
Classical Conditioning
Learning That Certain Events (Stimuli) Occur
Together
Acquisition: The initial learning phase
Extinction: Elimination of the conditioned response
Generalization: one stimulus may bring the same
response to a similar stimulus
Discrimination: Opposite of generalization; response
to one stimulus but not to another similar stimulus
3. Learning By Association
Operant
LearningBy Associating A
Response And A Consequence
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Punishment
4. Learning by Imitation
• Learning Through Observation
• Observational Learning Or Modeling
• All Social Behaviors Are Learnt By
Imitation And Observation
• Most Common Amongst Children
Principles of Learning
1. Readiness:
A degree of single-mindedness & eagerness
Learning best when are physically, mentally &
emotionally ready to learn
2. Practice:
Things most often repeated are best remembered
Learning is best and retained longer when there is
meaningful practice and repetition
2. Effect:
Based on the emotional reaction of a person
Directly related to motivation
Learning is strengthened when accompanied by
a pleasant or satisfying feeling
Learning is weakened when associated with an
unpleasant feeling
Principles of Learning…cont
4. Primacy:
The initial learning is strong & lasts
Often creates a strong, almost unshakable, impression
Things learned first create a strong impression in the mind
that is difficult to erase
Faulty learning is most difficult to unlearn & relearn
4. Recency:
Acquired last, Remembered best!
The further removed time-wise from a new fact or
understanding, the more difficult it is to remember
When learning time is closer to the actual need to application,
the performance is more successful
4. Intensity:
The more intense the material, the more likely it will be
retained
A sharp, clear, vivid, dramatic, or exciting learning experience
teaches more than a routine or boring experience
Factors That Facilitate
Learning
1. Motivation: A goal impels us to learn
2. Practice: Constant repetition re-inforces learning
3. Verbalization: Use of verbal cues make the learning
process more rapid
4. Meaningfulness: Learning is ineffective when the
material is meaningless
5. Use of Mnemonics: A mental technique for memorizing
information. E.g. Richard Of York Gave Battle In
Vain, VIBGYOR (rainbow colors)
6. Freedom from fatigue
7. Reward or reinforcement
