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Lecture 05 Loops 2014

The document summarizes different repetition structures in C++ including while, for, and do-while loops. It provides examples and notes on the semantics of each loop type. Key points covered include: - While loops are pre-test loops that execute the loop body zero or more times if the boolean expression is initially true. - For loops allow specifying an initialization, boolean expression, and increment in the header to iterate a specific number of times. - Do-while loops are post-test loops that always execute the body at least once before checking the boolean expression.

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30 views

Lecture 05 Loops 2014

The document summarizes different repetition structures in C++ including while, for, and do-while loops. It provides examples and notes on the semantics of each loop type. Key points covered include: - While loops are pre-test loops that execute the loop body zero or more times if the boolean expression is initially true. - For loops allow specifying an initialization, boolean expression, and increment in the header to iterate a specific number of times. - Do-while loops are post-test loops that always execute the body at least once before checking the boolean expression.

Uploaded by

NipunUpekshana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IT101, Semester 1

Lecture 5

Repetition Structure

Types of Repetition Structures in C++


while
for
do-while

Pre-test and Post-test loops


Pre-test loops are entrance controlled loops.
You execute the loop body after evaluating the
test.
Loop body can be executed zero or more times.
Post-test loops are exit controlled loops.
You test the loop after executing the entire loop
body.
Loop body can be executed one or more times.
4

The While Loop


Syntax of While Loop
while (boolean expr)
statement;
next statement;

boolean
expr

false

true

while (boolean expr)


{
statement 1;
statement 2;

statements

next statement

}
next statement;
5

Notes on semantics of While Loop


All variables in the boolean expression must be

initialized prior to the loop.


At least one of the variables in the boolean
expression must be assigned a new value inside the
loop. In other words the boolean expression must
change its value inside the loop.
The boolean expression is tested prior to entering
the loop and before each repetition of the loop body.
The entire loop body is executed if the boolean
expression is true.
It is possible not to execute the loop body, this
occurs when the boolean expression is initially false.
6

Example- Print Numbers


from 1 to 10
int count =1;
while (count <= 10 )
{
cout<< count <<endl;
count ++;

Infinite Loops
An infinite loop is one in which the

condition is initially satisfied, so the loop is


entered, but the condition for exiting the
loop is never met.
Generally an infinite loop is caused by
failing to modify a variable involved in the
condition within the loop body.
To break out of a malfunctioning program
press ctrl-C on Linux or ctrl-break, on an
DOS or Windows machine.
8

What Does This Loop Print?


int I =1;
while(I < 6 )
cout<<Line number<<I<<endl;

How should it be fixed to print the numbers


between 1 and 5 inclusive in a column?

Interactive I/O and Looping


The sentinel or trailer technique uses a

special end-of data value to indicate the end


of meaningful data.
Using the while loop, we place an input
statement before the loop to read the first
value and an input statement at the bottom of
the loop to read the next value.
The loop condition tests that the value is not
equal to the sentinel value.

10

An Example of Sentinel Input


Input a list of positive numbers from the

keyboard and find the average. The list is


terminated with the value -99.

11

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int number, sum, cnt;
//Initialization
cout << Enter a list of integers terminated by 99;
cin >> number;
//first number
sum = 0;
cnt = 0;
while (number != -99) //Loop to sum and count values
{
sum += number;
++cnt;
cin >> number;
//Read next number
} //while
//Calculate and print average
cout << The average is << sum/float(cnt);
return 0;
} //main
12

Counter Controlled Loops


A counter controlled loop is a looping control

structure in which a loop variable manages the


repetition by counting.
The syntax for a counter controlled loop in C and C+
+ is:
for(inti expr; boolean expr; increment expr)
statement;

A loop body of more than one statement, must be

enclosed in curly braces.


13

Comparison of For and While


Loops
for(i=1; i <= 10; i++)
cout << i << endl;

i=1;
while (i <= 10)
{

cout << i << endl;


i++;
}

14

Example
Print the numbers from 100 to 10 as follows;

10090

80

70

--------- 10

for ( int i=100 ; i>=10 ; I = i-10 )


{
cout<< i << ;
}

15

Comments on the for loop


All three expressions that are part of the for

loop are optional. The semicolons are not


optional.
If the boolean expression is omitted you have
an infinite loop.
Use the for loop when you know exactly how
many times the loop body is to be executed,
either as a specific value or as an expression.

16

All parts of the for loop are


optional
i = 0;

for(; i<5; i++)


cout << i << endl;
for(i=0; i<5; )
{
i++;
cout << i << endl;
}
for(i=0; i<5; i++)
;
for( ; ; )
17

break and continue


Statements with Loops
The break statement causes the

immediate termination of the execution of


the loop body and the continuation of
execution with the first statement after the
loop.
The continue statement causes the

immediate termination of the execution of


the loop body but not the exiting of the
loop.
18

Nesting of Loops
The statements in the loop body may be any

C++ statement including another looping


statement.
When a for loop is entered from the top, the
initialization occurs and then the boolean
expressions are executed.
When it is entered as a result of completing
execution of the loop body the increment
and then the boolean expressions are
executed.
19

Nested For Loops


I=1
for (I=1; I<=5; I++)
for(K=1; K<=3; K++)
cout <<I<< , <<K<< endl;
{next statement}
OUTPUT:
1,1
1,2
1,3
2,1
2,2
2,3
3,1
.
5,3

I=I+1

I <=5
next statement
K=1
K=K+1

K <=3

cout<<I<<,<<K

20

Loop with Post test


Syntax to Do-While

Loop

statement

do
statement;
while (bool expr);
true

bool
expr

false
Next statement

do
{

statement 1;
statement 2;
}while (bool expr);

21

An example of the Do While Loop


int i=1;
do
{
cout << Line number << i << endl;
i++;
}while (i < 6);

22

Notes on semantics of
Do While Loop
At least one of the variables in the boolean

expression must be assigned a new value


inside the loop. In other words the boolean
expression must change value inside the loop.
The boolean expression is tested at the end of
the loop body after each execution of the loop
body.
The entire loop body is executed if the
boolean expression is true.
The loop body is always executed at least
once.
23

Determining The Loop To Use


If the statements of the loop may not be

executed at all, use a while loop.


If the statements of the loop must be
executed at least once either loop may be
used but the do-while loop is preferable.

24

Example involving While Loop


Write a program to calculate the value of nth

Fibonacci number. The first and second


Fibonacci numbers are 1; the third Fibonacci
number is 2; and so forth where the next
Fibonacci number is the sum of the two
previous Fibonacci numbers.

25

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