Introduction to SQL
Prepared by: Romer Ian O.
Pasoc
What is SQL?
SQL stands for Structured Query Language.
It is the most widely used commercial
relational database language.
Now the de facto standard for DBMS
products by ANSI (American National
Standards Institute).
SQL continues to evolve in response to
changing need in the database era.
What is SQL
SQL lets you access and manipulate
databases
What Can SQL Do?
SQL can execute queries against a
database;
SQL can retrieve data from a database;
SQL can insert records in a database;
SQL can update records in a database;
SQL can delete records from a database;
SQL can create new databases;
SQL can create new tables in a database;
Some of the Most Important
SQL Commands
SELECT
UPDATE
DELETE
INSERT INTO
CREATE DATABASE
ALTER DATABASE
CREATE TABLE
ALTER TABLE
DROP TABLE
SQL Functions
DDL (Data Definition Language)
Function of SQL that supports the creation,
deletion, and modification of definitions for
tables. The DDL also provides commands for
specifying access rights or privileges to
tables.
DML (Data Manipulation Language)
Function of SQL that allows users to pose
queries and to insert, delete, and modify
rows/records.
Data Definition
Creation of the schema or overall structure
of the database.
Two task must be completed:
-Create database structure
-Create tables that will hold end-user data
The Database Schema
AUTHENTICATION
- DBMS verifies that only registered users are
able to access database
- Log on using the user ID and password
created by database administrator
SCHEMA
- Group of database objects that are related to
each other
DDL Commands
CREATE
The CREATE command is used to establish
databases and tables in your DBMS.
ALTER
Once you have created a table within a
database, you may wish to modify the
definition of it. The ALTER command allows
you to make changes to the structure of a
table without deleting and recreating it.
DDL Commands
DROP
The final command of the DDL, DROP,
allows us to remove entire database
object (table or database) from the DBMS.
Data Manipulation
These commands will be used by all
database users during the routine operation
of the database.
DML Commands
SELECT
The SELECT command is the most
commonly used command in SQL. It
allows users to retrieve the specific
information they desire from the database.
INSERT
The INSERT command is used to add
records to an existing table.
DML Commands
UPDATE
The UPDATE command can be used to
modify information contained within a
table, either in bulk or individually.
DELETE
The DELETE command is used to delete
records from specified tables.
SQL Statements
Most of the actions you need to perform
on a database are done with SQL
Statements.
Every SQL command has its
corresponding SQL statement.
SQL is not case-sensitive; but for clarity,
SQL keywords will be written in UPPERCASE.
We will be using an imaginary database
called Northwind. A database that holds
customer data.
Customers Table
CustomerID
CustomerName ContactName
Address
City
PostalCode
Country
Alfreds
Futterkiste
Maria Anders
Obere Str.
57
Berlin
12209
Germany
Ana Trujillo
Emparedados
y helados
Ana Trujillo
Avda. de la Mxico D.F.
Constituci
n 2222
05021
Mexico
Antonio
Moreno
Taquera
Antonio
Moreno
Mataderos
2312
Mxico D.F.
05023
Mexico
Around the
Horn
Thomas Hardy
120
Hanover
Sq.
London
WA1 1DP
UK
Berglunds
snabbkp
Christina
Berglund
Berguvsvg Lule
en 8
S-958 22
Sweden
SQL SELECT
Statement
SELECT
The SELECT statement is used to select data from a
database. The result is stored in a result table, called
the result-set.
Syntax:
SELECT column_name1, column_name2,column_nameN
FROM table_name
-ORSELECT * FROM table_name
SELECT
The asterisk (*) is used here as a means
to select all columns of the specified table.
SELECT
Example
SELECT CustomerName, Country
FROM Customers
-columns: CustomerName and Country
-Table: Customers
SELECT
Result Set
CustomerName
Country
Alfreds Futterkiste
Germany
Ana Trujillo Emparedados y helados
Mexico
Antonio Moreno Taquera
Mexico
Around the Horn
UK
Berglunds snabbkp
Sweden
SELECT
Example
SELECT * FROM Customers
-columns: all columns
-Table: Customers
SELECT
Result Set
CustomerID CustomerNa ContactName Address
me
City
PostalCode
Country
Alfreds
Futterkiste
Berlin
12209
Germany
Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo
Emparedado
s y helados
Avda. de Mxico D.F. 05021
la
Constituci
n 2222
Mexico
Antonio
Moreno
Taquera
Antonio
Moreno
Matadero Mxico D.F. 05023
s 2312
Mexico
Around the
Horn
Thomas
Hardy
120
Hanover
Sq.
WA1 1DP
UK
Berglunds
snabbkp
Christina
Berglund
Berguvsv Lule
gen 8
S-958 22
Sweden
Maria Anders Obere
Str. 57
London
SELECT DISTINCT
In a table, a column may contain many
duplicate values; and sometimes you only
want to list the different values.
SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to
return only distinct (different/unique)
values.
SELECT DISTINCT
Syntax:
SELECT DISTINCT
colum_name1,column_name2colum
n_nameN
FROM table_name
SELECT DISTINCT
Example:
SELECT DISTINCT City FROM
Customers
SELECT DISTINCT
Result - Set
City
Berlin
Mxico D.F.
London
Lule
Copies of Mexico D. F. were omitted.
SQL WHERE Clause
The WHERE clause is used to extract only
records that fulfill a specified criterion.
It is not limited only to selection but also is
applicable to any query that requires
specific record to handle.
SQL WHERE Clause
Syntax:
SELECT columns
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
Column_name after the WHERE word refers to
what column will the selection depends NOT the
columns to display.
Operator could be any arithmetic or logical
operator
Value will be the specified value in that column
SQL WHERE Clause
Example
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country = Mexico
The above statement will return the record of all
columns from the table Customers where the
value of Country column is Mexico
SQL WHERE Clause
Text Fields vs Numeric Fields
SQL requires single quotes around text
type/values. Numeric fields: fields that have
numeric datatype; should NOT be enclosed
in quotes.
SQL WHERE Clause
Result Set
CustomerID
CustomerName ContactName
Address
Ana Trujillo
Ana Trujillo
Emparedados y
helados
Antonio Moreno Antonio
Taquera
Moreno
City
PostalCode
Country
Avda. de Mxico D.F.
la
Constituc
in 2222
05021
Mexico
Matadero Mxico D.F.
s 2312
05023
Mexico
Operators in the WHERE
Clause
Operator
Description
Equal
<>
Not equal. Note: In some versions of SQL this operator
may be written as !=
>
Greater than
<
Less than
>=
Greater than or equal
<=
Less than or equal
BETWEEN
Between an inclusive range
LIKE
Search for a pattern
IN
To specify multiple possible values for a column
SQL AND and OR Operators
The AND operator displays a record if both
the first and the second condition are true.
The OR operator displays a record if either
the first or the second condition is true
The AND and OR operators are used to
filter records based on more than one
condition
SQL AND and OR Operators
Example
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country = Germany
AND City = Berlin
The above query will return all records with all
columns from Customers table where its
country is Germany AND city is Berlin
SQL AND and OR Operators
Result Set
CustomerID
CustomerName ContactName
Address
Alfreds
Futterkiste
Obere Berlin
Str. 57
Maria
Anders
City
PostalCode
Country
12209
Germany
SQL AND and OR Operators
Example
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE City = Berlin
OR City = Mxico D.F.
The above query will return all records with all
columns from Customers table where its
country is Germany AND city is Berlin
SQL AND and OR Operators
Result Set
CustomerID CustomerNam ContactName Address City
e
PostalCode
Country
Alfreds
Futterkiste
Maria Anders Obere
Str. 57
12209
Germany
Ana Trujillo
Emparedados
y helados
Ana Trujillo
Avda.
Mxico D.F. 05021
de la
Constitu
cin
2222
Mexico
Antonio
Moreno
Taquera
Antonio
Moreno
Matader Mxico D.F. 05023
os 2312
Mexico
Berlin
SQL ORDER BY Keyword
The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort
the result-set by one or more columns.
The ORDER BY keyword sorts the
records in ascending order by default. To
sort the records in a descending order,
you can use the DESC keyword.
SQL ORDER BY Keyword
Syntax:
SELECT columns
FROM table_name
ORDER BY columns ASC/DESC
SQL ORDER BY Keyword
Example:
SELECT CustomerID, CustomerName
FROM Customers
ORDER BY City
SQL ORDER BY Keyword
Result Set
CustomerID
CustomerName
Alfreds Futterkiste
Around the Horn
Berglunds snabbkp
Ana Trujillo Emparedados
y helados
Antonio Moreno Taquera
The result-set above will display the columns of all
records arranged in ascending order based on its
city: Berlin, London, Lulea, Mexico D. F.
SQL ORDER BY Keyword
Example:
SELECT CustomerID, CustomerName
FROM Customers
ORDER BY City DESC
SQL ORDER BY Keyword
Result Set
CustomerID
CustomerName
Antonio Moreno Taquera
Ana Trujillo Emparedados
y helados
Berglunds snabbkp
Around the Horn
Alfreds Futterkiste
The result-set above will display the columns of all
records arranged in descending order based on its
city: Mexico D.F., Lulea, London, Berlin
SQL ORDER BY Keyword
Example:
SELECT CustomerID, CustomerName
FROM Customers
ORDER BY Country, ContactName
SQL ORDER BY Keyword
Result Set
CustomerID
CustomerName
Alfreds Futterkiste
Ana Trujillo Emparedados y
helados
Antonio Moreno Taquera
Berglunds snabbkp
Around the Horn
The result-set above will display the columns of all
records arranged in ascending order based 1st on its
country THEN if they have the same country, will then
sort by ContactName.
