Introduction to
Cytology or Cell Biology
How do we observe cells?
Light microscope
Visible light passes through object
Lens magnify image
Electron microscope
Scanning - surface of object
Transmission - sees through objects
100,000 X to Millions magnification
power
How do we know what
happens in each part of
the cell?
Radioisotopes are used to "trace" different
chemical reactions through a cell.
Separate cellular structures with a blender
Centrifuge material and analyze each layer.
People who were
important in early cell
discovery:
Zacharias Jannsen
(1590)
Helped invent the First
compound microscope
Robert Hooke (1665)
Observed dead cork - called them
cells
Compound Microscope
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
(1674)
- living cells in pond water; one
celled organisms -- animalcules
Robert Brown (1831)
identifies the nucleus of a cell
Mattias Scleiden (1838)
stated that plants are made up of
cells
Theodor Schwann (1839)
stated that animals are made up
of cells
Rudolph Virchow
(1858)
1.
2.
Studied the pathology of cells. (ability to
cause disease)
All cells arise from preexisting cells.
New cells can only arise from other
living cells by the process of cell
division or reproduction
Cell Theory
1.
2.
3.
All living things are composed of
cells
Cells are the fundamental
building block of life
All cells come from pre-existing
cells (life
begets life)
PROCESSES OF
CELLS
All life processes
involve energy changes.
1. Nutrition - food is needed for energy and
building materials.
2. Digestion - breaking down reactions of food into
usable parts.
3. Absorption - water, food, ions and other
materials
4. Biosynthesis - cells organize many organic
substances for cell activity.
5. Respiration - cell energy is released when
certain organic molecules are split - energy is
used for cell activity.
6. Excretion - waste materials passed from cell to
environment
7. Secretion - synthesized molecules which are
passed out of a cell and which affect the
activities of other cells (vitamins, hormones)
8. Reproduction - cells divide; unicellular - more
organisms, multicellular - more cells.
9. Movement - motion of all types; cellular
contractions, flowing substances within the cell
10. Egestion - elimination of insoluble compounds
and nondigestible
particles
Eukaryotic cells advanced
cells
Have nucleus
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm - everything between
plasma membrane and nucleus
Organelles
Fluid
Cytoskeleton threads of microtubules
and microfilaments in cytoplasm
Animal vs Plant Cell
Animal cells have unique structures
Centrioles
Lysosome
Flagellum
1.
2.
3.
Plant cells have unique structures
Large central vacuole
Cell wall
1.
2.
Chloroplasts
3.
Chloroplast
Cytoskeleton
Fibres
Mitochondrion
Mitochondrio
n
Vesicle
Golgi
Body
Smooth
ER
Central
Vacuol
e
Rough
sdfER
Cell
Wall
Plasma
Membrane
Nucleolus
Pore DNA
Envelop
e
Ribosomes
Centriole
Plasma Membrane
OUTSIDE OF CELL
Sugar Chain
Lipid Bilaye
Protein Marker
Cholestero
l
INSIDE OF CELL
Embedded
Proteins
Protein
Cell Membrane Side Profile
Different membranes
All have similar functions & structures
Plasma membrane separates inside of cell
from outside of cell
Other membrane define organelles to form
compartments of eukaryotic cells
Forms a selectively permeable layer
Lets some things in or out but not all
Like a window screen
Nucleus
Nucleus - Structures
Envelope
Chromatin
Double membrane
Pores to get messages in and out
DNA threads
Protein balls called histones - wrapping
Nucleolus - site of ribosome
production
Nucleolus where rRNA or
Ribosomes are made
Ribosomes
Consists of 2 parts, which are made in
nucleus
Make protein in the Cytoplasm
Produce proteins from recipes in the
nucleus copied into mRNA
Some (proteins) will remain in cytoplasm
Some will be exported out of cell
Some will attach to membranes in cell
Ribosomes are found on the endoplasmic
in the cytoplasm
reticulum and
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough
ER
Smooth
ER
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Rough ER - attached to nucleus
Ribosomes stud surface
Produces
Membrane proteins - stay in cell
Secretory proteins - exported from cell
RER makin Proteins!
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
No ribosomes, so not protein factories
More like transport system
Makes steroids, lipids
Liver cells have lots of smooth ER
Detoxify chemicals
Supply and demand
Increases tolerance to drug
So higher doses needed for same effect
Golgi apparatus the Post
Office of the Cell
Golgi apparatus what it
does
Refines, stores and marks molecules for
shipment
Looks like stack of hollow pancakes
Products of ER arrive & leave via
transport vesicles
Moving from one sac to the next
Molecules get modified
Labeled and / or stored
Called the cell Post office because it
marks and directs products in the cell
Lysosome
Lysosome
Greek for breakdown body
Sac of strong digestive enzymes
Recylcer
Compartmentalized for safety
Can release to breakdown entire cell
suicide sack
Functions
Digest food vacuoles
Digest invading bacteria
Digest old organelles
Lysosome
Lysosomal diseases
Genetic disorders
Recipe is messed up so protein doesnt
work
If recipe for lysosome enzyme
What should get broken down doesnt
Ex. Tay Sachs
Lipids arent broken down
Build up occurs
Eventually causes death
Usually in before age 5
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
Site of cellular respiration
Conversion of food into energy (ATP)
Double membrane
ATP is what cells use to make things happen (drive
chemical reactions)
Big bag stuffed in smaller bag
Folds of inner bag called cristae
Space inside inner bag called matrix
Also once free living bacteria
Efficiency - gasoline engines converts 25% of
energy mitochondria
converts 54% of energy
contains some of its own DNA
(amount varies within organisms)
believed to evolved from a
primitive cell engulfing it and
creating a
symbiotic
relationship
DNA in mitochondria obtained
only from mother of organism.
Plant Organelles Chloroplasts
- in plants
Chloroplast
1. chlorophyll is green chemical that releases
electrons, working like a solar panel in
sunlight
2. forms glucose
3. photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2 O ---> C6H12 O6 + 6O2
Chloroplast
s
Structure of Chloroplast
Double membrane
Grana
Stack of thylakoids
Stroma
Hollow disk
Where sunlight energy is captured and converted
to chemical energy
Thick fluid filling chloroplast
Contains some DNA
Once free-living bacteria
Cytoskeleton
Microtubule
s
Actin
filaments
Role of the Cytoskeleton
Network of fibers
Give shape to cells
Allow movement of cell
Move organelles around
Made of microtubules and
microfilaments
Cilia
Flagella
9+2 Arrangment in
Cilia or Flagella
Basal Body of a Flagella or
Cilia
Note the triplet rings of tubulin protein
9+0 arrangement
Nine sets of rings, with no set in middle
up 9+2 arrangment in
cilia or
Used to set
Centrioles
Cell reproduction;
goes to poles of cell
during cell division
and helps cell divide
Centrioles at Work in Cell
Division
Cell Specialization
Different kinds of cells suited for a
different activity.
Division of Labor
Different cells divide their labor
each has a specific function and
supports each other.
Levels of structure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Tissue Level
A group of cells that are alike in structure
and activity in an organism muscles
- Skeletal muscle cells motion
- Cardiac muscle cells heartbeat
- Bones - support
- Nerve cells - coordination,
perception and automatic body
functions
Organ Level
several tissues working as a unit
heart
Animals
brain
stomach
roots
Plants stem
leaf
Organ System
many organs involved in carrying out a function
digestive
nervous
skeletal
excretory
respiratory
endocrine (hormones)
circulatory
muscular
reproductive
INCREASING SIZE
Organism
complete living thing
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
