The Role of Chemistry in Innovation
Chemistry for Future Energy Supply
K. Wagemann, DECHEMA e.V.
Two hot topics in the present political
discussions:
Energy Supply
Climate Change
(Adaptation & Mitigation)
Energy in the SusChem
Implementation Action Plan
Energy
Alternative energy sources
Photovoltaic
Fuels production from biomass
Fuel cells
(Metal)nanoparticles as fuel
Wind power
Energy conservation
Efficient lighting
Insulation
Energy storage
Batteries
Gas storage
Supercapacitors
Energy in the SusChem-Deutschland IAP
Photovoltaics
Fuel cells
Efficient use of energy - inorganic LEDs
Efficient use of waste heat from industrial plants
Li-Ion batteries for stationary and mobile applications
Super caps
H2 production and storage
Exhaust gas treatment and catalysis
Light weight materials
Biobutanol
Chemistry and Energy
German Coordination Group
Chemical aspects of energy research:
DECHEMA - Gesellschaft fr Chemische Technik und
Biotechnologie e.V.
DBG Deutsche Bunsen Gesellschaft fr
Physikalische Chemie e.V
GDCh Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker e.V.
DGMK Deutsche Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft
fr Erdl, Erdgas und Kohle e.V.
VDI-GVC VDI-Gesellschaft Verfahrenstechnik
und Chemieingenieurwesen
VCI Verband der Chemischen Industrie e.V.
Position Paper
Position Paper
Thesis
The demand for chemical solutions will increase:
Fuel cells: Catalysts, Electrolytes, Membranes
Solar cells: Organic, Polymeric, Easy to Process Systems
Batteries: Electrodes, Electrolytes
Thermoelectrica: Nanostructured Materials
CO2-Sequestration: Absorption, Chemical Conversion
Heavy Oils and Coal (and Biomass): Conversion to Fuels
The role of chemistry
Energy Supply
Energy storage
Fuels
Bioenergy
Photovoltaics
Fuel cells
Thermoelectrics
Collectors
Mobile batteries
Stationary batteries
Supercaps
Chemicals
CO2-Utilisation
H2-Production
Efficient use
of energy
OLEDs
Catalysis
Superconductors
Microreaction techn.
Lightweight materials
New reaction media
Thermal insulation
Process integration
Energy efficient
production
processes
Chemistry has a role for the
future energy supply!
Backup
Backup
10
Chemistry-related CO2-Emissions
Chemistry
Industry (total)
= 861 Mio. t CO2
Energy
Numbers of 2004, Source: Ministry of Economics and Technology
11
Production of Hydrogen
Alternatives
Direct thermal water splitting (without catalyst: T > 2.500C)
catalytic
redoxcatalytic
Photocatalytic water splitting at solid surfaces
Biomimetic photosystems in liquid phase (Ru-Systems)
Biohydrogen
12
Photovoltaics
Thin film solar cells (a-Si, CSi, CdTe ...)
Multibandgap-cells
Alternatives:
Organic semiconductor systems
Photoelectrochemical cells
(Grtzel-Cells)
13
Materials for Collectors
Coatings today:
Black Chromium
Black Nickel
Efficient, but processing (galvanisation) not environmentally benign
Coatings Future:
Al2N3
Carbides
TiNOx
Better efficiency (absorption and reflection)
but processing costs high
14
Thermoelectrical Devices
Principle
Materials: Bi2Te3, Bi2Se3, Sb2Te (RT) / PbTe-, SiGe-Alloys (550 800 K)
Energy Source: In general lost heat
Applications:
Energy independent micro sensors (self-powered sensors)
self-powered micro-devices
Auxiliary power systems in automotives
Cooling of Photovoltaic devices
15
Thermoelectrical Devices
Future: Higher Efficiency using nanostructured materials
16
CO2-Sequestration
& Utilisation
Carbon Capture and Storage Technologies
17
CO2-Sequestration
Research Topics (Chemistry related)
Coal Gasification
CO2-Capture
Absorption
Membranes
Materials / Corrosion
(CO2(l) / H2O / High Salt Concentration)
18
CO2-Utilisation
Energy Storage Systems
Dry Reforming
CO2 as C1-Building Block
Artificial Photosynthesis
MicroalgaeCultivation
Better Plants
19
CO2-Utilisation
Energy Storage Systems
CO2 + H2 CH3OH + H2O
ZnCrO-catalyst
NEDO-Project, Japan (since early 90ies)
Japan
MeOH
CO2
Australia
20
CO2-Utilisation
Steamless Carbon Dioxide Reforming
(Dry Reforming)
CO2 + CH4 2CO + 2H2
Idea: Exploitation of remote gas fields
(stranded gas)
Discussion Platforms:
Eranet Chemistry
SusChem-D: September Workshop
21
CO2-Utilisation
Artificial Photosynthesis
22
CO2-Utilisation
Artificial Photosynthesis
Light harvesting supramolecular components (Balzani, Bologna)
23
CO2-Utilisation
Artificial Photosynthesis
General Problems
Thermal Stability
Photo(oxidative)-Stability
Light-Harvesting
European Network: Solar-H
(http://www.fotomol.uu.se/Forskning/Biomimetics/solarh)
24
CO2-Utilisation
CO2 as C1 Building Block
Problem: Inertness
CO2
R2
R2O
OR1
Ester
OR1
Carbonates
R3
R4
C
R1O
OR2
Acetales
25
CO2-Utilisation
CO2 as C1 Building Block
Activation by Carboanhydrase:
CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+
Aktive Center of Carboanhydrase
26
CO2-Utilisation
Activation of CO2
Active Species: Carbamate
M. Antonietti, Angew. Chemie 2007, 119, 2773 ff
27
CO2-Utilisation
Biorefineries
Bioethanol/BioDiesel (1st Generation)
Biofuels 2nd Generation
BTL ( FT-Catalysts)
Lignocellulose Ethanol
Biogas
Chemical Building Blocks
28
CO2-Utilisation
Biogas
One Alternative: Zinkoxid
H2S+ZnO H2O+ZnS
200-400 C (!)
H2S-content: ppb
29
