C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Chapter 1: Introduction
Outline
Introduction
What Is a Computer?
Computer Hardware
Computer Software
Computer Programming Languages
Machine Code, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages.
The History of C
Object-Oriented Programming in C++
Compilation-Based Execution of Programs
Executing Programs Using an Interpreter
A C/C++ Interpreter Ch

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Introduction
We will learn the C programming language

Learn structured programming and proper

programming techniques.
Introduction to numerical computing in Ch.
Introduction to MATLAB in comparison study with C.

The prerequisite is trigonometry

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

No prior programming experience is required.

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

What is a Computer?
Computer
A computer is a machine that manipulates data based on a list of
instructions called program.
A computer consists of hardware and software.

Computer Hardware
Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer.
A typical computer consists of central processing unit (CPU), main
memory and external memory , and input and output devices.
A CPU consists of control unit (CU), arithmetic and logic unit
(ALU), and registers.

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Samples of Computer Hardware

A single board computer and a tiny computer.

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

The von Newmann Computer Architecture

Both programs and data are stored in the same memory

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Major Components of a Computer

1.

Input devices

2.

Output devices

3.

Outputs information (to screen, printer, control other devices)

Main memory

4.

Obtains information from input devices (keyboard, mouse)

Installs programs and data for rapid access

CPU:
4.1 Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)

Performs arithmetic calculations and logic decisions

4.2 Control unit (CU)

Supervises and coordinates activities of the computer

4.3 Registers
Fast memory

5. External memory

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Store programs and data permanently (hard disks, CDs, USB)

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Hardware Trends
Moores Law (1965):
The number of transistors that can be inexpensively placed
on an integrated circuit increases exponentially, doubling
approximately every two years.
Based on Moores law, every two years, the following approximately
double:
CPU speed at which computers execute their programs.
The amount of main memory.
The amount of secondary memory.

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Computer Software
Computer software refers to a collection of computer programs that can
be loaded into main memory and executed in the CPU of a computer.
Computer software can be classified as operating system and application
software.
An operating system is a software program for management and
coordination of activities and sharing the resources of a computer.
Application software refers to programs developed to assist users in
completing specific tasks.
A process: a running program.
Software is harder than hardware.

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Interaction of Users and Computer

Hardware through Software

Two interface methods:

(1) Command shell
(2) Graphical user interface (GUI)
Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Graphical User Interface

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Command Shells and Their Inventors

Bourne shell (sh)
Bourne
C shell (ch)
Korn shell (ksh)
BASH shell (sh, bash)
Ch (C/C++) shell (ch)
MS-DOS shell (cmd, command)

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

Stephen
Bill Joys
David Korn
Brian J. Fox
Harry H. Cheng
Tim Paterson

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Ch Command Shell
Using commands pwd, cd, and ls to print the working
directory, change directory, and list files in the Ch
home directory.
C:/Ch> pwd
C:/Ch
C:/Ch> ls
bin/
demos/ docs/
include/ license/ README.TXT sbin/
config/ dl/
extern/ lib/
package/ release/
toolkit/
C:/Ch> cd docs
C:/Ch/docs>
C:/Ch/docs> ls
README.TXT
chguide.pdf
chinstall.pdf
chref.pdf
man/

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Computer Programming Languages

Three types of programming languages
1.

Machine code or machine languages

A sequence of 0s and 1s giving machine specific instructions

Example: 00011001

2. Assembly language
Using meaningful symbols to represent machine code.
Example: add hl,de
Assembler: Assembly code machine code
Disassembler: machine code assembly code

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Computer Programming Languages

3. High-level languages
Similar to everyday English and use mathematical notations
(processed by compilers or interpreters)
Example of a C statement:
a = a + 8;

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Computer Programming Languages

3. High-level languages
Similar to everyday English and use mathematical notations
(processed by compilers or interpreters)
Example of a C statement:
a = a + 8;

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Comparison of High-Level Language with

Machine Code and Assembly Code
The memory addresses, machine code, and assembly code
corresponding to a C statement a = a + 8 for the Rabbit
3000 8-bit microprocessor.
Memory address Machine code
Assembly code
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------0X1EA1
000100010000100000000000
ld de,0x0008
0X1EA4
1100010000000000
ld hl,(sp+0)
0X1EA6
00011001
add hl,de
0X1EA7
1101010000000000
ld (sp+0),hl

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

High-level Computer Languages

and Their Inventors

FORTRAN
BASIC
Pascal
C
C++
Java
C#

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

John W. Backus, 1954

George Kemeny and Tom Kurtz, 1964
Nicolas Wirth
Dennis M. Ritchie
Bjarne Stroustrup
James Gosling
Anders Hejlsberg

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

History of C
C

Invented by Ritchie based on B, a simplified version of BCPL.

Used to develop Unix operating system and Unix commands
Most system software such as OS are written in C or C++
Replacement for assembly language for hardware interface.
By late 1970's C had evolved to K & R C

C Standards
1st C standard created in 1989 by ANSI, ratified by ISO in 1990.
It is called C89. Some call it C90.
2nd C standard was ratified in 1999, called C99.
Numerical extensions such as complex numbers, variable length
arrays, and IEEE floating-point arithmetic are major enhancement
in C99. C99 will be pointed out whenever features in C99 only are
presented.
Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Structured Programming in C
A disciplined approach to writing programs in C.
Clear, easy to test and debug, and easy to modify.

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Object-Oriented Programming
Objects
Software components that model items in the
real world
Modular with meaningful software units
Reusable

Moreunderstandable,betterorganized,and
easiertodevelopandmaintainthanprocedural
programming
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2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

C++ Language
C with classes invented by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in 1980s.
Powerful object-oriented capabilities
polymorphism
inheritance
information hiding
C++ is very powerful, but too complicated. Without a solid foundation
in C, it is impossible to master object-oriented features of C++.
C++ is a superset of C89
C++ is no longer a superset of C99

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

C/C++ Are Dominant Languages in

Industry and University
Most large-scale projects are written in C/C++
Most off-the-shell software packages are written in C/C++
Real-time and embedded computing

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Phases of Compilation-Based
Execution of a Program

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

1.

Edit

2.

Compile

3.

Link

4.

Execute

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Compilation-Based Execution
of a C Program

Creating an executable program from a C program

using compiler and linker in Windows.

Executing the created executable program.

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Scripting Languages and Their Inventors

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

Tcl/Tk
Python
Perl
PHP
Ruby
Ch (C/C++)

John Ousterhout
Guido van Rossum
Larry Walls
Rasmus Lerdorf
Yukihiro Matsumoto
Harry Cheng

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Ch versus Other Languages

Ch is a C/C++ interpreter. It is especially suitable

for learning computer programming in C and C++.
Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Phases of Interpreter-Based Execution

of a Program

1. Edit
2. Execute

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Interpretive Execution
of a C Program

Executing a C program using an interpreter.

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Array-Based Mathematical Software

and Their Inventors
MATLAB
Mathematica
Ch (C/C++)

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

Cleve Moler and others

Stephen Wolfram and others
Harry H. Cheng

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Slides for optional topics in C

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .

C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach

Computing Paradigm
1970s --- Mainframe
1980s --- Client/Server
1990s --- Network Computing
2000's --- Ubiquitous Computing

Created by Harry H. Cheng,

2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved .