Axial flow turbines
in driver in electricity generation, in gas pipe booster stations and as a prime movers
2MW to 660MW
low pr. fluid
High pr. fluid
Small area change
Cross section of a single stage AF turbin
Stator: turn the fluid in the tangential direction
Rotor: turn the flow back in the opposite directio
Extracting energy from the flow
A simple gas turbine
increase in blade length
is more marked)
Po2<Po1
Diffuser: dynamic head into static pr.
Inlet: guide the flow from the supply sou
To the stator vanes with minimum loss in
Total pressure
Radial flow turbine
A simple steam turbine
Multi stage turbine
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmai
of turbine inlets: Guide the flow from the supply source to the stator vanes with a minimum
total pressure
Induce a swirl component to the
flow so that a torque can be imparted
To the rotor blades-has number of curved
Acts as a transition between aerofoils called vanes that turn the flow
the small diameter of supply In the tangential direction.
duct and the larger diameter
Used in turbochargers
of the turbine
In-line axial inlet
Radial inflow stator
1. Variable geometry stator-wide range
Axial flow stator
range of inlet flow conditions-pivoting
Flow is accelerated and turned
Stator vanes
Tangentially before entering the
2. High temp. applications-stator vanes are
Stator, reducing the flow
Cooled using lower temp. fluid, usually
Turning done by the stator
Compressor bleed air
Rotor blade shapes
Extract energy from the flow
converting it into shaft power
rotor blades-attached to a
rotating disk that transfers torque
to rotor blades.
Tangential
entry scroll inlet
num inlet with radial or axial
entry
a) Inserted into disk using
for axial flow turbine
urbine stage downstream of combustor
dovetail
b) Disk integral with blades-blisk
Cooling used in case of high temp.
Radial inflow rotor
Axial flow rotor
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmai
Turbine energy transfer
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmai
ermodynamics of the axial turbine stage
urbine stage velocity diagram
Mollier diagram for a axial turbine stage
Stator
fixed guide vanes
Relative velocity
increase in rotor
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmai
Stage efficiency
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmai
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmai
Soderbergs correlation for loss
Ren=105
H/Cax=3.0
Nominal loss coefficient
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmai
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmai
Stage reaction
Zero reaction stage )
Impulse turbine stage
No pressure drop through the rotor. Enthalpy increases
0 implies h2=h3, since ho2rel=ho3rel
through
get W2=W3. Due to irreversibility there is a pressure
drop rotor. This implies reaction is negative for
impulse turbine stage when irreversibility is taken.
rough the rotor stage.
note: zero reaction is not same as impulse stage
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmai
0% Reaction stage
locity diagrams is symmetrical
thalpy drop in nozzle =enthalpy drop in rotor
100% Reaction stage
Negative value of R. Diffusion in the rotor (W3<W2), If R>1
absolute velocity in nozzle decreases (C2<C1)
Sub tan 3=tan 3+U/Cx in eqn (2) we get
R=1+Cx/2U(tan 3-tan 2)
When , R=1 and C2=C3
When R>1 , C2<C1 ,diffusion in nozzle
mpulse and Reaction Blade
=0.5(tan 3-tan 2)
r impulse blades, 2=45.5o , Reaction 2=18.9o
can be calculated if incidence is known and also R/ can be
lculated.
action blade: R/ decreases as incidence increases
=0.20 when i=0 and R/ =0.25 when i=10
mpulse blade: R/ =0 when i=0 and R/ =-0.25 when i=10
Profile loss with incidence
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmai
hoice of reaction and effect on efficiency
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmai
on of loss data
e geometry, incidence, S/C, H/C, t/C, Reynolds number, b.l parameter, turbulence)
rofile loss(associated with bl growth over blades) + annulus loss (associated with bl growth on the walls) +
due to non-uniformity of inlet flow) + tip cleance loss
nce prediction using Ainley method
at zero incidence is first estimated using profile drag curves for nozzle and impulse balding at various S/C a
For blades in between impulse and nozzle the profile loss is given by
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmai
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmai
For impulse and near impulse blades this equation is valid for 0.15<t/C<0.2
For t/C values higher than these the limiting loss should be taken.
For rotor blades replace 3b by 2 and 2 by 1
Profile loss coefficient for conventional blades
at zero incidence
Secondary loss:
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmai
Tip clearance loss
Takes care of reaction but not aspect ratio
Secondary losses in turbine blade rows
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmai
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmai
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmai
w characteristics of a multi stage turbine Turbine flow characteristics
mber of normal stages each 50% reaction Used for matching compressor/turbine in jet engin
C3=W2;C2=W3; Assume U=Constant
At a given pressure ratio, the mass flow paramete
swallowing capacity tends to decrease with additi
rement in mass flow rate 3 and 2 remains
of further stages.
stant. 3 rotor exit ; 2- Nozzle exit
Stadola-formulated ellipse law for characteristic
velocity diagram Fig-b
multistage axial turbines.
bine operated in this manner has low efficiency
fluid direction at inlet of each stage produce a
gative incidence stall
K-constant
get high efficiency the fluid inlet angles must
remain used in steam turbines
single stage
reaches a constant valu
se to design value. Hence turbine operateFor
at its
hest efficiency at all off-design conditions both
for Pon/Po1 tending to 2 Choking
and U should be changed in direct proportion.
For multi
becomes constant at
refore velocity triangles are similar at design
and stage
design
at higher value of Pon/Po1
Change in turbine velocity diagram with mass flow
at constant blade speed
Turbine flow characteristics (Mallinson and Lewis)
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmai
how turbine characteristic line is part of an ellipse
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmai
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmai
