COMPUTER GRAPHICS
UNIT-III
2D Geometric Transformations
GEOMETRIC TRANSFORMATION /
COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION
Geometric transformation means change in
orientation, Size and Shape.
Coordinate Transformation
TWO DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRIC
TRANSFORMATIONS
2D
Translations.
2D Scaling
2D Rotation
Matrix Representation of 2D
transformation
Formula for Transformation
Matrix of Transformed object= Matrix of object . Matrix of
transformation
2D TRANSLATIONS.
Point P defined as P( x, y ),
translate to Point P( x, y) a distance d x parallel to x axis, d y parallel to y axis.
x x d x y y d y
Define the column vectors
dx
x
x
P , P ,T
y
y
dy
Now
P P T
P
P
EXAMPLE: 2D TRANSLATION
5
6
6
5
dx = 2
dy = 3
4
3
3
3
2
1
0
Component-wise addition of vectors
v = v + t
where
x
v
,
y
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x'
v'
,
y
'
X
dx
t
dy
and
x = x + dx
y = y + dy
To move polygons: translate vertices of polygon after adding translation
factors and redraw lines between them.
Translation always Preserves lengths and shape of object (Distortion in
object shape will not occur).
2D SCALING FROM THE ORIGIN.
Point P defined as P ( x, y ),
Perform a scale (stretch) to Point P( x, y) by a factor s x along the x axis,
and s y along the y axis.
x s x . x,
y s y . y
P
Define the matrix
sx
S
0
0
s y
Now
P S P or
x s x
y 0
0
.
sy
x
y
TYPES OF SCALING
After
applying Scaling factor coordinates of
object is either increase or decrease.
Expansion and compression of object is
depend upon the scaling factor Sx and Sy.
Uniform Scaling
If Sx = Sy < 1
If Sx = Sy > 1
Non uniform scaling
If Sx Sy < 1
occurs.
If Sx Sy > 1
Uniform compression occurs.
Uniform Expansion Will occur.
Non uniform compression
Non uniform expansion Will occur.
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TYPES OF SCALING (CONT)
Uniform Scaling
Non Uniform scaling
EXAMPLE: 2D SCALING
Y
sx 3
sy 2
6
5
4
3
2
2
1
1
0
6
2
3
1
9
2
10
Component-wise scalar multiplication of vectors
v = Sv
and
where
x
v
,
y
sx
S
0
s y
x'
v'
y '
x' s x x
y' s y y
HOMOGENEOUS COORDINATES
2D case
Add a 3rd coordinate to every 2D point
A point (a, b) in 2D can be represented as (a,b,1) in
homogeneous coordinate system.
Any point (x, y, w) where w!=0 represents a point at location
(x/w, y/w) in this coordinate system.
3D Case
Add a 4th coordinate to every 3D point
A point (a, b, c) in 3D can be represented as (a,b,c,1) in
homogeneous coordinate system.
Any point (x, y, z, w) in 3D where w!=0 represents a point at
location (x/w, y/w, z/w) in this coordinate system.
HOMOGENEOUS COORDINATES
x' x t x
y' y t y
Q: How can we represent translation as a 3x3
matrix?
1 0 0
Translation 0 1 0
tx ty 1
TRANSLATION
Example
of translation
Homogeneous Coordinates
x' 1 0 t x x x t x
y ' 0 1 t y y t
y
y
1 0 0 1 1 1
tx = 2
ty = 1
QUESTION
Object coordinates are (00,10,11,01)
Perform uniform expansion of this object.
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QUESTION
Q1. Write a 2X2 transformation matrix for
each of the following scaling transformation.
(1)The entire picture is 3 times as large.
(2)The entire picture is 1/3 as large.
(3)The X direction is 4 times as large and the y
direction unchanged.
(4) The x direction reduced to the original
and y direction increased by 7/5 times.
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QUESTION
Translate the square ABCD whose coorditates
are A(0,0), B(3,0),c(3,3),D(0,3).
Translate this square 1.5 unit in x direction and
0.5 unit in y direction.
After translation performing scaling with scaling
factor sx=1.5 and sy=0.5
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QUESTION
Find the transformation matrix that transforms the
square ABCD whose center is at (2,2) is reduced to
half of its size, with center still remaining at (2,2).
The coordinate of square ABCD are A(0,0), B(0,4),
C(4,4),D(4,0). Find the coordinates of new square.
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QUESTION
Prove that two scaling transformation is
commutative
Commutative property is
S1.s2=s2.s1
Prove that two successive translation are additive.
Prove that two successive scaling is multiplicative
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COMPOSITE TRANSFORMATIONS
Composite 2D Translation (Two successive
Translation)
T T(t x1 , t y1 ) T(t x 2 , t y 2 )
T(t x1 t x 2 , t y1 t y 2 )
1 0 tx2
0 1 t y2
0 0 1
1 0 t x1 1 0 t x1 t x 2
0 1 t y1 0 1 t y1 t y 2
0 0 1 0 0
Two Successive Translation is Additive
COMPOSITE TRANSFORMATIONS
Composite 2D Scaling (two successive Scaling)
T S( s x1 , s y1 ) S( s x 2 , s y 2 )
S( s x1s x 2 , s y1s y 2 )
sx 2
0
0
0
sy2
0
0 s x1
0 0
1 0
s y1 0
0 1
s x1 s x 2
s y1 s y 2
0
0
1
Two Successive Scaling is Multiplicative
2D Rotation
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2D ROTATION ABOUT THE
ORIGIN.
P(x,y)
P(x,y)
r
x
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2D ROTATION ABOUT THE ORIGIN.
y
P(x,y)
P(x,y)
x r. cos
y r. sin
r
x
x
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2D ROTATION ABOUT THE ORIGIN.
x r. cos( ) r. cos . cos r. sin . sin
y r. sin( ) r. cos . sin r. sin . cos
P(x,y)
P(x,y)
x r. cos
y r. sin
r
x
x
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2D ROTATION ABOUT THE ORIGIN.
x r. cos( ) r. cos . cos r. sin . sin
y r. sin( ) r. cos . sin r. sin . cos
Substituting for r :
x r. cos
y r. sin
Gives us :
x x. cos y. sin
y x. sin y. cos
Rotation (Anticlockwise)
x cos
y sin
sin
.
cos
x
y
Rotation (Clockwise)
x cos
y sin
sin
.
cos
y 24
QUESTION
Rotate a point (10,0) in anticlockwise direction
Angle is 90 degree.
Rotation Anticlockwise
(Anticlockwise)
After rotating this point rotate this point in
x x cos sin
clockwise direction.
y sin
cos
Rotation (Clockwise)
x x
y y
cos
sin
sin
cos
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TRANSFORMATIONS.
Translation.
P=T
+P
P=S
Scale
Rotation
P=R
P
We would like all transformations to be
multiplications
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EXAMPLES
Translate [1,3] by [7,9]
1
0
0
1
0
7
1
9 3
1
1
8
12
1
Scale [2,3] by 5 in the X direction and 10 in the Y direction
Rotate [2,2] by 90 (/2)
cos( / 2)
sin( / 2)
5
0
0
10
0
sin( / 2)
cos( / 2)
0
0
1
2
3
1
0
2
0 2
1
1
10
30
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
2
0 2
1
1
2
2
1
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Shearing Transformation
The searing transformation when applied to the object it results
distortion of shape. In sharing the parallel layers of any objects are
simply slided with respect to each other.
Types of Shearing Transformation
X- shear: In X-shear y coordinate remain unchanged, but x is
changed.
Y- shear: In Y-shear x coordinate remain unchanged, but y is
changed
x '
y '
x 1 0
y shx 1
X- Shear
x ' x 1 Shy
y ' y 0 1
Y- Shear
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Question
Q1. Prove that simultaneous shearing in both direction ( X & y
direction) is not equal to the composition of pure shearing along Xaxis followed by pure shear along y- axis.
x '
y '
x
y
x '
y '
1 a
b 1
1 a
0 1
Pure Shearing
1
b
1 a .b a
0
1
b
1
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QUESTIONS ON 2D
TRANSFORMATION
Shear following object 2 unit in x direction and 2 unit
in y direction.
Object coordinates are (00,10,11,01).
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BASIC 2D TRANSFORMATIONS
Basic 2D transformations as 3x3 matrices
x ' s x
y ' 0
1 0
x' 1 0 t x x
y ' 0 1 t y
y
1 0 0 1 1
Translate
x' cos
y ' sin
1 0
sin
cos
0
Rotate
0
0
0
sy
x
y
1 1
Scale
0
0
1
x
y
1
x ' 1
y ' sh
x
1 0
shy
1
0
Shear
0 x
0 y
1 1
MATRIX COMPOSITION
Transformations can be combined by
matrix multiplication
x' 1 0 tx cos sin 0 sx 0 0
y ' 0 1 ty sin cos 0 0 sy 0
w' 0 0 1 0
0
1 0 0 1
p =
T(tx,ty)
R()
S(sx,sy)
x
y
w
p
PIVOT-POINT ROTATION
Rotation with respect to a pivot point (x,y)
T ( x, y ) R ( )
T ( x, y )
1 0 x cos
0 1 y sin
0 0 1 0
sin
cos
0
1 0
0 1
0 0
y
1
FIX POINT SCALING
Steps for Fix point Scaling
Translate
point to origin (Fig (b))
Perform Scaling Fig(c) Expansion or
compression
Inverse Translation Fig(d)
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FIXED-POINT SCALING
Scaling with respect to a fixed point (x,y)
T ( x, y ) S ( sx , s y )
T ( x, y )
0 0 sx
1
0
1 0 0
x y 1 0
0 0
1 0 0
sy
0 0 1 0
0 1 x y 1
QUESTION
Q1. Magnify the triangle with vertices A(0,0), B(1,1),
C(5,2) to twice its size while keeping c(5,2) fixed.
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COMPOSITE TRANSFORMATIONS
Composite 2D Rotation (Two Successive Rotation)
T R ( 2 ) R (1 )
R ( 2 1 )
cos 2
sin 2
0
sin 2
cos 2
0
0 cos 1
0 sin 1
1 0
sin 1 0
cos 1
0
0
1
cos( 2 1 ) sin( 2 1 ) 0
sin( 2 1 ) cos( 2 1 ) 0
0
0
1
Two Successive Rotation is Additive
Thanks
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