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Dynamic Pile Testing With The Pile Driving Analyzer®

The document discusses dynamic pile testing using the Pile Driving Analyzer. It covers the history and fundamentals of dynamic pile testing including measuring stress waves and 1-D wave theory. The Case Method for determining pile capacity, stresses, integrity and hammer performance from measured force and velocity is also covered.

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Tantai Rakthaijung
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83 views

Dynamic Pile Testing With The Pile Driving Analyzer®

The document discusses dynamic pile testing using the Pile Driving Analyzer. It covers the history and fundamentals of dynamic pile testing including measuring stress waves and 1-D wave theory. The Case Method for determining pile capacity, stresses, integrity and hammer performance from measured force and velocity is also covered.

Uploaded by

Tantai Rakthaijung
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GRL

Dynamic Pile testing with the


Pile Driving Analyzer

1998 Goble Rausche Likins and


Associates and Dr. Julian Seidel

GRL

Summary

History of Dynamic Pile Testing


Measuring stress waves
Fundamentals of Wave Mechanics
The Case Method (Pile Driving Analyzer)
Capacity
Stresses
Integrity
Hammer performance

GRL

History of Dynamic
Pile Testing/Analysis

18th Century:
Late 19th Century:
1920s:
1950:
1964:
Goble
1968:
1970:
1972:
1976:
1977:
1982:
1986:
1989:
1996:
1998:
1999:

Closed Form Solutions


Engineering News Formula
First Strain Measurements
Smiths Wave Equation Program
Case Project began under Dr. G.G.
Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA)
CAPWAP
Pile Dynamics, Inc. founded
WEAP program
Saximeter
Hammer Performance Analyzer
Hammer Performance Study
Pile Integrity Testing (PIT)
FHWA Manual
Pile Installation Recorders (PIR)
Remote PDA

GRL

1-D Wave Theory

Hammer causes a downward travelling


stress-wave to enter the pile
Soil resistance causes stress-wave
reflections
Stress in pile can be represented by
1-dimensional Wave Theory
These stress-waves can be measured
and identified with measurement of
force and velocity near the pile top

GRL

Newtonian Collision Analogy


vv11

m
m11

m
m22

vv11
W1

W2

Pile
longitudinally-distributed
mass
Pileis
isaa
longitudinally-distributed
mass
Hammer
is
aaconcentrated
mass
Hammer
is
concentrated
mass
Rigid
motion
assumption
is
not
reasonable
Rigidbody
body
motion
assumption
is
not
reasonable
Rigid
body
motion
assumption
is
reasonable
Rigid
body
motion
assumption
is
reasonable
Motion
Motionis
isdominated
dominated by
bystress-wave
stress-waveeffects
effects

GRL

Impact on elastic rod


time = dt
dL

Compressed Zone

Stress,
Stress, == F/A
F/A
Wavespeed,
Wavespeed, cc== dL/dt
dL/dt
Cross-sectional
Cross-sectional area,
area,AA
Elastic
Elasticmodulus,
modulus,EE
Mass
Massdensity,
density,

GRL

Particle Velocity
dL

FF

F
dx

Particle Speed

Wave Speed
dx
=
F
dL
dx = F dL
EA
EA vv == dx
dx == FF dL
dL ==
dt
dt EA
EA dt
dt

FF cc
EE A
A

GRL

Wavespeed

aa == dv
dv == dd
dt
dt dt
dt
vv == FF cc
EA
EA

Fc
Fc
EA
EA

FF == ma
ma
== dL
dL A
A
aa
dL

22
F1
=
dL
c
==
A
EE
F
1F cc
F = dL
c
A
c
dt
EE A
dt

Cross-sectional
Cross-sectionalarea,
area,AA
Mass
Massdensity,
density,

SI US

GRL Force, velocity, stress and


strain

Particle Speed
Wave Speed

Pile Impedance

vv == dd xx == FF dL
dL == Fc
Fc
dt
EA
dt
EA dt
dt EA
EA
FF == == vv EE
A
cc
A

FF == EA
EAvv
cc
== Zv
Zv
== == vv
EE
cc

SI US

GRL

Force and Velocity


Measurements
Accelerometer

2W

Strain transducer

GRL Measuring stress waves

Strain transducer

Accelerometer

GRL

Strain Transducer
C
T

FF == A
A == EA
EA

C
T

C
T
C
T

C
T

T
C

Strain Transducer
Resistance strain gages connected
in Wheatstone bridge configuration

GRL

Accelerometers

Piezo-electric
Piezo-electric
Accelerometer
Accelerometer

Piezo-resistive
Piezo-resistive
Accelerometer
Accelerometer
strain gage

mass

spring

mass

cantilever

quartz
crystal

vv == a.dt
a.dt

GRL

Sign Conventions

Force:
Compression -

positive (+)

Tension -

negative (-)

Velocity:
Downward -

positive (+)

Upward-

negative (-)

GRL

Infinite Pile
Compressive
stress-wave

x = constant

v(x,t)
F(x,t)
MotionWavespeed,
down pile
=c+
Compression
= +ve

FF == EA
EAvv
cc
== Zv
Zv
Cross-sectional
Cross-sectional area,
area,AA
Elastic
Elasticmodulus,
modulus,EE

GRL Time domain - infinite pile


Exponential
Decay

FF == EA
EAvv
cc

GRL

Finite pile with free end

+F

incident force wave

reflected in opp. sense

-F

Free End : F = 0

GRL

Direction of Motion

Downward Travelling (incident) Waves


TOP

TOE

C
Force

Velocity

T
Force

F=
F= Zv
Zv

Velocity

GRL

Direction of Motion

Upward Travelling (reflected) Waves


TOP

TOE

Velocity

V
Velocity

F=-Zv
F=-Zv

Force

T
Force

GRL

Finite pile with free end

FF+,, v+
x = constant
x = constant

incident wave pushes pile down

+v
+v

reflected tension wave pulls pile down

Free End : v doubled

GRL

Time Domain - free pile

response response
time = 2L/c
time = 2L/c
Zv

Characteristic tension
response - velocity
increases relative to force

SI

US

Finite pile on rigid base

+v

incident wave pushes pile down

reflected wave pushes pile up

-v

Fixed End : v = 0

GRANITE

GRL

Finite pile on rigid base

vv+,, F+
x = constant
x = constant

+C

incident wave pushes pile down

+F
+F

+C

reflected wave pushes pile up

Fixed End : F doubled

GRANITE

GRL

GRL

Time domain - pile on rigid


base

response response
time = 2L/c
time = 2L/c
F

Characteristic compression
response - force increases
relative to velocity

Zv

SI

US

GRL

Separation of Waves

Downward Waves

Upward Waves

F
=Zv
F

F ==F
F
(F+Zv)
(F+Zv)
=Zv
FF
F===-Zv
=-Zv
(F-Zv)
(F-Zv)

F=F +F

E=mc2

SI

US

v=v +v

GRL

Waves example (SI)

At impact a 300mmx6mm wall Grade 250 steel pipe


pile achieves a peak velocity of 5.34 m/s, 10m
above ground level. At time 2L/c later, the force
and velocity are measured at 1620 kN and -2.67
m/s. What are the upward and downward waves at
impact and 2L/c later?
Answer
EA/c = 210,000x5542x10-3/5120= 227 kNs/m
At impact Fd = 227x5.34 = 1214 kN; Fu = 0 kN
At 2L/c Fd = (1620+227x-2.67) = 507 kN
At 2L/c Fu = (1620-227x-2.67) = 1113 kN

GRL Waves - pile on rigid base


F,Zv

FF== (F
(F --FZv)
Zv)

FF== (F
(F ++ Zv)
Zv)
Zv

GRL

Time of reflection
x

R
Total
Total travel
travel distance
distance == 2x
2x

SI

Wavespeed
Wavespeed == cc

Reflection
Reflection from
from resistance
resistance at
at xx
arrives
arrives at
at pile-top
pile-top at
at time
time 2x/c

US

GRL

Typical pile response

toe response time = 2L/c

start of toe response

timing and amount of


separation is a function
of location and extent
of soil resistance
response from shaft only
response from pile base

GRL

Typical pile response

F
F ==
(F+Zv)
(F+Zv)

exponential decay
returning compressive
reflections lift pile-top
force.
...and slow the pile-top
down relative to the
no resistance pile

toe response time = 2L/c

GRL

Typical pile response

F
F ==
(F-Zv)
(F-Zv)

F
F ==
R
R

Rshaft 2F@ 2L/c

toe response time = 2L/c

upward travelling wave


before 2L/c is related to
the cumulative shaft
resistance

GRL

Typical pile response

Upward wave - isolates


response from pile/soil

Q.
Q. Why
Whymay
mayitit be
bepreferable
preferableto
toview
view data
dataas
asFF,,FF ??
Downward wave - isolates input
from driving system

SI

US

GRL

Shaft resistance (SI)

Problem:
Problem: Make
Makean
anapproximate
approximateestimate
estimateof
of the
the
pile
pileshaft
shaftresistance.
resistance.
2340kN; 3.34 m/s
1420kN

-1.32m/s
Answer:
Z = 2340/3.34 = 700 kNs/m
Rshaft @ 2 x F@ 2L/c
Rshaft @ 2x (1420-700x-1.32) = 2344 kN

GRL

Conclusion

Pile driving events can be evaluated using 1-D Wave


Mechanics principles
Stress-waves cause changes in force and particle
velocity
Force and velocity are related by the pile impedance
Waves travelling both up and down a pile can be
separated by F and V measurement
Soil resistance causes reflections which can be
interpreted to determine extent and location of
resistance

GRL

Case-Goble Capacity

A pile is struck at time t1.


The impact force generates a wave F(down,t1)

L
F( ,t1)
F(,t2)
The impact wave returns to the pile top at time
t2 = t 1+ 2L/c together with all resistance waves

GRL The Case Method Equation


At time t2 = t1 + 2L/c the upward traveling waves
arriving at the pile top include the reflection of the
initial impact wave plus the sum of all resistances:

F(,t2) = - F( ,t1) + R
Or, rearranging we solve for the resistance:

R = (F2 -v2Z)/2 + (F1 +v1Z)/2


where R is the total pile resistance,
mobilized at a time L/c after t1.

GRL The Case Method Equation

R
R == (F
(F11 ++ Zv
Zv11 ++ F
F22 -- Zv
Zv22))
F1 and v1 are pile top force and velocity at time 1
F2 and v2 are pile top force and velocity at time 2
Time 2 is 2L/c after Time 1: t2 = t1 + 2L/c
R is the total pile resistance
present at the time of the test,
and mobilized by the hammer impact.

GRL

Case-Goble Static
Resistance
Total Resistance = Static + Dynamic

Rstatic= R - Rdynamic
Need to estimate Rdynamic
(Estimate it from pile velocity)
Jc = ?

SI US

GRL

Case Damping Factor

To calculate static from total resistance, a


viscous damping parameter, Jv , is
introduced

R
Rdd == JJvv vv
Non-dimensionalization leads to the Case
Damping Factor, Jc:

JJcc == JJvv ZZ
R
Rdd == JJcc ZZ vv
Jc = ?

GRL

Case-Goble Static
Resistance
Total Resistance = Static + Dynamic

Rstatic= R - Rdynamic

R
Rss == (1-J
(1-Jcc)[F
)[F11++ Zv
Zv11]/2
]/2 ++ (1+J
(1+Jcc)[F
)[F22 -- Zv
Zv22]/2
]/2
Jc = ?

SI US

Case Damping Factor


Values for RMX

GRL
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Gravel

0.3

0.4

Sand

0.4

0.5

Silt
Clay

Reducing
Reducing
Grain
Grain Size
Size

0.5
0.7

Increasing
Increasing
Damping
Damping factor
factor

0.7
1.0

1000 days

y
l
l
a
ic
m
o
n
o
c
E
E

e
l
b
a
r
i
s
e
d

100 days

1 day

capacity

GRL

10 days

Restrike testing - fine


grained soils

e
l
b
a
r
i
s
e
d
y
l
l
a
c
i
n
h
c
e
T
Restrike testing generally undertaken 1 to 10 days after installation

log time

Mobilized Resistance
Ultimate Resistance

Displacement for
full mobilization

Mobilized Resistance

Maximum test
displacement

Resistance, R

GRL

Displacement, x

GRL

Resistance:
Rules for good correlation

Need to Mobilize Capacity


(sufficient set per blow)
Account for time dependent strength changes
Setup - Capacity increase
Relaxation - Capacity decrease
Therefore, restrike test pile after sufficient wait
using a sufficiently large impact weight

GRL

Capacity Results

GRLWEAP
by numerical analysis of assumed
pile/hammer/soil prior to installation
Case Method
measured by PDA during installation
CAPWAP
by numerical analysis of measured
PDA data after installation

GRL

The Pile Driving Analyzer


calculates ...

GRL

PDA Results

Case Method Bearing Capacity


Pile Stresses
Compressive at Top
Bending at Top
Tension Below Top
Compressive at Bottom
Pile Integrity (Beta)
Transferred Energy

GRL

PDA RESULTS vs
GRLWEAP

CAPACITY
PDA:
from force and velocity records
GRLWEAP: from analysis and blow count

TOP STRESSES
PDA:
directly measured
GRLWEAP: from analysis and blow count

Note:
Max. Compressive Stress does NOT
always occur at Pile Top

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