COMPONENTS OF
HYDROPOWER
PROJECTS
&
DESIGNS
COMPONENTS OF
HYDRO POWER PROJECT
CIVIL
HYDRO
MECHANICAL
ELECTRICAL &
MECHANICAL
CIVIL COMPONENTS
ESSENTIAL
NON-ESSENTIAL
ESSENTIAL CIVIL COMPONENTS
DIVERSION STRUCTURES
WATER CONDUCTOR SYSTEM
POWERHOUSE
TAILRACE SYSTEM
DIVERSION STRUCTURES
DAM
Concrete
Rock fill
Earthen
Arch
Buttress
CFRD(Concrete Faced Rock fill Dam)
RCC Dam(Roller Compacted Concrete
Dam)
DIVERSION STRUCTURES
SPILLWAY
Ogee
Chute
Side Channel
Morning glory
Tunnel
Under sluices
DIVERSION STRUCTURES
ENERGY DISSIPATION ARRANGEMENTS
Stilling Basins
Ski-jump buckets ( with or without plunge pools)
Roller buckets
TEMEPORARY DIVERSION STRUCTURES
Diversion Channels
Diversion tunnels
Coffer Dams
DIVERSION STRUCTURES
BARRAGES
WEIRS
Broad crested weir
Trench weir
WATER CONDUCTOR SYSTEM
INTAKE
HEAD REGULATORS
DESILTING BASIN ( In open system)
DESILTING CHAMBERS(In underground
system)
POWER CHANNEL
WATER CONDUCTOR SYSTEM
HEAD RACE TUNNEL
Cut & Cover Sections
Adits
FOREBAY
SURGE TANK
SURGE SHAFT
SURPLUS ESCAPE
WATER CONDUCTOR SYSTEM
CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS
Aqueducts
Siphon Aqueducts
Super Passages
Level Crossings
PENSTOCKS ( In open system)
PRESSURE SHAFTS ( In under ground system)
POWERHOUSE
SURFACE
UNDERGROUND
SEMI-UNDERGROUND
SHAFT
OVERALL DIMENSIONS OF POWERHOUSE
L = Ls + K + X + N x Unit spacing
Where
Ls
length of service bay
space required for crane to
handle the last unit
wall thickness
number of units.
TAIL RACE SYSTEM
TAIL RACE CHANNEL
TAIL RACE TUNNEL
OUT FALL STRUCTURE
NON-ESSENTIAL CIVIL
STRUCTURES
LOG BOOMS
LOG CHUTES
FISH LADDER/PASS
Infrastructure works
HYDROMECHANICAL COMPONENTS
GATES
Radial/Sector
Vertical Lift
Drum type
Stop log
Bulkhead
VALVES
Butterfly
Spherical
PENSTOCKS
ELECTRO-MECHANICAL
COMPONENTS
Turbine,scroll case & draft tube
Generator (shaft,stator &rotor)
Electrically operated traveling (EOT) crane
Main inlet valve (MIV)
Lighting
Heating, ventilation & air conditioning (HVAC)
Oil handling unit (OHU)
ELECTRO-MECHANICAL
COMPONENTS
Cables
Controls & monitoring
Station service transformer (SST)
Generator step-up transformer (GSU)
Unit auxiliary transformer(UAT)
Bus bar
Fire fighting
Dewatering system
ELECTRO-MECHANICAL
COMPONENTS
Cooling water system
Drainage system
Battery system
Lifts
DG set
Communications
Public address system
SWITCHYARD/G.I.S
Lightening Arrestors (LA)
Circuit Breakers (CB)
Current Transformers (CT)
Isolators
Gantries
Cable Ducts
SWITCHYARD/G.I.S
Bus Ducts
Potential Transformers (PT)
Shunt Reactors
Power Line Communication Carriers (PLCC)
Wave Traps (WT)
CANAL FALL
IRIGATION CANAL
INTAKE
TAIL RACE
CHANNEL
POWER HOUSE
CANAL FALL POWER HOUSE
FIGURE-1
DIVERSION STUCTURE
POWER INTAKE
R
E
V
I
R
POWER CHANNEL
FALL
FOREBAY
PENSTOCK
POWER HOUSE
TAIL RACE
POOL
POWER CHANNEL DEVELOPMENT
FIGURE-2
DIVERSION STUCTURE
POWER INTAKE
R
E
V
I
R
HEAD RACE
TUNNEL
FALL
SURGE SHAFT
POWER HOUSE
TAIL RACE
POOL
POWER TUNNEL DEVELOPMENT
FIGURE-3
SPILLWAY
R
RIVE
RESERVOIR
DAM TOP ROAD
POWER
HOUSE
TAIL RACE
CHANNEL
DAM TOE DEVELOPMENT
FIGURE-4
ACCESS SHAFT
DAM
RIVER
SURGE CHAMBER
TAIL RACE TUNNEL
UNDERGROUND MACHINE HALL
UPSTREAM STATION ARRANGEMENT
(SWEDISH SYSTEM)
FIGURE-5
SURGE TANK
DAM
ACCESS
GALLERY
PRESSURE TUNNEL
PRESSURE SHAFT
VALVE GALLERY
ACCESS
TUNNEL
UNDERGROUND
MACHINE HALL
TAILRACE TUNNEL
DOWNSTREAM STATION ARRANGEMENT
(SWISS TYPE)
FIGURE-6
SURGE TANK
SURGE TANK
SURGE CHAMBER
UNDERGROUND MACHINE HALL
TAIL RACE TUNNEL
INTERMEDIATE LOCATION OF STATION
(ITALIAN ARRANGEMENT)
FIGURE-7
INTAKE
AIR CUSHION
CHAMBER
POWER HOUSE
CAVERN
DIAGONAL PRESSURE
TUNNEL (Usually unlined)
ACCESS
STEEL PENSTOCK
DIAGONAL TUNNEL ALIGNMENT WITH
AIR-CUSHION SURGE TANK
(NORWEGIAN SOLUTION)
FIGURE-8
SURGE TANK
UNSTEADY UPSURGE
HYDROSTATIC LEVEL
STEADY STATE
RESERVOIR
PENSTOCK
PRESSURE TUNNEL
SURGE TANK SYSTEM
FIGURE-1
SURGE TANK
GATE GROOVE
MAX SURGE LEVEL
STEADY STATE LEVEL
RESERVOIR
MIN SURGE LEVEL
INTAKE
MAIN INLET
VALVE
PRESSURE TUNNEL
TAILRACE
PRESSURE SHAFT
TURBINE
EXCAVATED SURGE TANK
FIGURE-9
RESERVOIR
DAM
LOW
INTAKE
SURGE TANK
G RA
TURBINE
DIEN
T
PEN
STO
CK
HIGH GRADIENT
PENSTOCK
TAILRACE
VALVE
FREE STANDING SURGE TANK
FIGURE-10
UPSTREAM SURGE SHAFT
RESER-
HYDROSTATIC LEVEL
STEADY STATE LEVEL
VOIR
DOWNSTREAM
SURGE SHAFT
PRESSURE SHAFT
AIR VENT
LOW PRESSURE
CONDUIT
TAILRACE TUNNEL
UNDERGROUND POWER HOUSE
U/S AND D/S SURGE TANK SYSTEM
FIGURE-11
DESIGNS ASPECTS
- DAMS
- SURGE TANK
- POWER HOUSE
- SELECTION OF TURBINE
DAMS
Classification of Dams
ACCORDING TO USE
1. Storage Dam e.g. Gravity Dams, Rockfill Dam,
Earth
Dam, Arch Dam, Buttress Dam etc.
2. Diversion Dam e.g. Weir, Barrage
3. Detention Dam e.g. Dike, Water spreading Dam, Debris Dam
ACCORDING TO HYDRAULIC DESIGN
1. Overflow Dams e.g. Spillway
2. Non-overflow Dams e.g. Gravity Dam, Rockfill
Dam, Earth Dam, Arch Dam, Buttress Dam etc.
Selection of Dam Type
TOPOGRAPHY
FOUNDATION
SITE FOR SPILLWAY
AVAILABILITY OF MATERIAL
RESERVOIR & CATCHMENT AREA
ADEQUATE STORAGE CAPACITY
AREA OF SUMERGENCE
WATER TIGHTNESS OF RESERVOIR
SEDIMENTATION
DEEP RESERVOIR
COMMUNICATION
LOCALITY/ SURROUNDINGS
LENGTH & HEIGHT OF DAM
LIFE OF DAM
ROADWAY
Selection of Dam Type
1. TOPOGRAPHY
a) Arch dam :
Narrow V shaped
valley with sound
Abutments
b) Gravity Dam
: Moderately wide V
shaped valley with
sound bed rock.
c) Rockfill dam
:Plain & wide valley
and alluvial soil or
Boulders in the bed.
Selection of Dam Type
2. GEOLOGY / FOUDATION
a) Rock foundation
- Any type of Dam
b) Gravel & Coarse Sand
- Earth & Rockfill Dam
c) Fine Sand & Silt
- Earth Dams
d) Clay foundation
- Not suitable
Concrete Gravity Dam
Definition: A dam constructed of concrete or masonry that
relies on its own weight for stability is called
Gravity Dam.
Gravity dams are dams which resist the
horizontal thrust of the water entirely by their
own weight.
Components of Concrete Dam
-
FOUNDATION
NON OVERFLOW PORTION
OVERFLOW PORTION
D/S WORKS
DRAINAGE GALLERIES
UNDER SLUICES
SPECIAL SILT EXCLUSION ARRANGEMENTS
INTAKE
GATES
HOISTING ARRANGEMENTS
- ROPE DRUM
- HYDRAULIC
BRIDGE
INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR OBSERVATION ETC.
Assumptions made while establishing
stability of a gravity dam:
1. DAM IS MADE OF INDIVIDUAL TRANSVERSE
ELEMENTS EACH OF WHICH CARRIES ITS LOADS
TO THE FOUNDATION WITHOUT
TRANSFER OF
LOAD TO ADJACENT BLOCKS.
2.
THE VERTICAL STRESS VARIES LINEARLY FROM
U/S FACE TO D/S FACE ON ANY HORIZONTAL
SECTION.
Requirement for Stability
a.
THE DAM SHALL BE SAFE AGAINST SLIDING ON ANY
PLANE WITHIN THE DAM AND AT THE FOUNDATION.
b.
THE DAM SHALL BE SAFE AGAINST OVERTURNING AT
ANY PLANE WITHIN THE DAM AND AT THE BASE.
c.
THE SAFE UNIT STRESSES IN THE CONCRETE OF DAM OR IN
FOUNDATION MATERIAL SHALL NOT BE EXCEEDED.
Forces considered for Stability Analysis
1.
RESERVOIR AND TAIL WATER LOADS
2.
UPLIFT PRESSURE
3.
EARTHQUAKE
4.
EARTH AND SILT PRESSURES
5.
DEAD LOAD
6.
ICE PRESSURE
7.
WIND PRESSURE
8.
WAVE PRESSURE
9.
THERMAL LOADS
Load Combination
A. Load Combination A (Construction Condition)
- Dam completed but no water in reservoir and no tail water.
B. Load Combination B (Normal Operating Condition)
- Reservoir at maximum flood pool elevation, all gates open,
tail water at flood elevation, ormal uplift and silt (if
applicable)
C. Load Combination C (Flood Discharge Condition)
D. Load Combination D
- Combination A with earthquake
E. Load Combination E
- Combination B with earthquake but no ice.
F. Load Combination F
- Combination C but extreme uplift (drains inoperative)
G. Load Combination G
- combination E, but with extreme uplift (drains inoperative)
Partial Safety factors against Sliding
Loading
Fc
A,B,C
D,E
F,G
1.5
1.2
1.0
3.6
2.4
1.2
(W-U) tan / F + CA/Fc.
F.
------------------------------------------------------
P
F = Factor of safety against sliding
W = total mass of dam
U = total uplift force
tan = Coefficient of internal friction of material
C = Cohesion of the material at the plane considered
A = Area under consideration for cohesion
F = Partial FOS in respect of friction
Fc = Partial FOS in respect of Cohesion
P = Total horizontal force
Permissible tensile stress in Concrete
Load Combination
B
C
E
F
G
Permissible tensile stress
0
0.01 fc
0.02 fc
0.02 fc
0.04 fc
Where fc is the cube compressive strength of Concrete
SURGE TANK
Functions of Surge Tank
Reduces the water hammer pressure
Reduces conduit length subjected to water hammer
Improves stability and turbine governor
It acts as a small reservoir which can accept the refused
discharge and also meet the immediate requirement of water
Types of Surge Tank
a) According to the material of construction
b) According to location relative to terrain
c)According to location relative to power house
d)According to hydraulic design
e) Special surge tanks (Air Cushion Chambers)
Types of Surge Tank
According to the material of construction
CONCRETE SURGE TANKS
STEEL SURGE TANKS
Types of Surge Tank
According to location relative to terrain
EXCAVATED SURGE SHAFT
FREE STANDING SURGE TANK
Types of Surge Tank
According to location to Power
UPSTREAM SURGE TANK
DOWNSTREAM SURGE TANK
Types of Surge Tank
According to Hydraulic design
SIMPLE SURGE TANK
RESTRICTED ORIFICE SURGE TANK
DIFFERENTIAL SURGE TANK
SURGE TANK WITH EXPANSION CHAMBER
MULTIPLE SURGE TANK
SIMPLE SURGE TANK
These tanks are cylindrical in shape interposed between
penstock and pressure shaft.They may be;
UNDERGROUND SHAFTS OPEN AT THE TOP
UNDERGROUND CYLINDRICAL CAVITY CHAMBERS
OVERGROUND BUILT UP STRUCTURES IN RCC
RESTRICTED ORIFICE SURGE TANK
These tanks are modification of simple surge tank
with an orifice of an considerably smaller diameter
installed between the surge tank and the conduit
Involves considerable headloss due to throttling
Restricts max & min surge levels by dampening of surge
oscillations
DIFFERENTIAL SURGE TANK
It has an additional internal riser pipe provided with
annular ports opening into the outer surge shaft:
The head building function is achieved through the riser pipe
The storage function is achieved through the outer shaft
Factors affecting the layout of Surge-Shaft
Various components of the Water Conductor System
Discharge through the Water Conductor System
Transient flow conditions in the Water Conductor System
Length of the Water Conductor System
Turbo-generator and relief-valve mechanism
Ground topography and Geology
Design Considerations for Surge Tanks
Surge Tanks should be Hydraulically & Mechanically
stable and most economical:
Location of Surge Tank
Dampening of load variation in the Power System
Maximum & Minimum surge levels
Topography
Provision to avoid erosion of lining due to pressure variations
DESIGN CONDITIONS
The surge tank shall be designed to accommodate
the maximum and minimum water levels under
worst condition:a) The maximum upsurge level in the surge tank
b) The minimum down surge level in the surge tank
POWER
POWER HOUSE
HOUSE LL-- SECTION
SECTION
DECIDING THE POWER HOUSE LAYOUT
Depending upon the topography and geology of the area
power house can be located on surface or underground or
as a semi underground power house.
Surface power house
Underground power house
Semi underground or shaft power house
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LAYOUT OF
A HYDROPOWER STATION
Civil engineering considerations
Dimensioning and design of electrical and mechanical equipments
and accessories
Requirement of spaces, clearances and areas for efficient operation
and maintenance of power station.
POWER HOUSE
POWER HOUSE BUILDING CONSISTS OF THREE
MAIN AREAS NAMELY
Machine Hall/Unit Bay
Erection/Service Bay
Control Room/Auxiliary Bay
OVERALL DIMENSIONS OF POWERHOUSE
For working out the Powerhouse dimensions, generator diameter, its
weight, weight of rotor and the crane capacity including the crane
span are required. Based on data collected from various
Powerhouses, some curves and empirical formulae are available to
determine the above dimensions and weights depending upon the
speed, the installed capacity and the net head. Overall dimensions
of the Powerhouse are thus worked out by fixing the unit spacing.
MACHINE HALL
Depending upon structures, Machine Hall or Unit Bay can further be
divided into three main subdivisions.
SUB STRUCTURE
This is the main foundation member of the power house which contains
draft tube, draft tube elbow and cone, the foundation gallery and the sump.
INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURE
It is main part of the machine hall containing the spiral case, foundation for
stator and rotor, turbine floor etc.
SUPER STRUCTURE
Part of machine hall above the generator floor containing columns
supporting EOT crane, roof and the wall is related as super structure.
SELECTION OF TYPE OF TURBINE
Heads and discharges are the major criteria for the selection of
turbines. For low to medium heads, Kaplan turbines are
recommended: for medium to high heads having moderate discharge,
Francis turbines are recommended, for very high heads, Pelton turbines
are favored.
USBR recommends the selection of turbine as under:
Head
Type of Turbine
18m or less
Kaplan turbine
18 to 300m
Francis turbine
300m and above
Pelton turbine
FACTOR INFLUENCING SELECTION OF
TURBINE
Francis turbine requires less space and operate at higher running speed.
Hydraulically Francis turbine is more favourable because it can utilise the
head down to the lowest tail water level, whereas impulse turbine has to be
set up with a clearance of few meters above TWL.
Because of lower setting Francis turbine requires more excavation works.
Francis turbine involves extensive dismantling for replacement of worn out
labyrinth, runners, guide vane etc. Whereas replacement is easy in case of
impulse turbine.
Thus, the choice in each case is based on technical, economical and
operative requirements including transportation limits.
PRELIMINARY DIMENSIONING OF THE POWER
HOUSE SHALL INTER ALIA INCLUDE
Calculating specific speed and synchronous speed of turbine.
Calculating the discharge diameter.
Fixing the turbine setting
Calculating the spiral case dimensions
Calculating the draft tube dimensions
Fixing the height and weight measures i.e. crane span, crane rail
height, generator diameter & weight, weight of rotor and crane
capacity.
Finalizing overall dimensions of the power house.
BASIC DATA REQUIRED SHALL INCLUDE
Maximum water level (MWL) in the reservoir
Full reservoir level (FRL)
Minimum draw down level (MDDL)
Average tail water level
Minimum tail water level
Average altitude of the site
Maximum temperature of water
Number of units to be installed
Total anticipated installed capacity
Restrictions regarding setting of turbines.
DEFINITIONS
Maximum Head : The maximum head is defined as the difference
between maximum reservoir level without spillway discharge and
the minimum tail water level with one unit operating deducting the
head losses.
Minimum Head: The minimum head is the difference between
minimum draw down level and the minimum tail water level.
Design Head: The design head is defined as the head at which the
peak efficiency of the turbine is developed at a rated speed and is
calculated as under:
Design Head = 2/3 (Maximum head Minimum head)
+ Minimum head
NUMBER OF UNITS
The unit cost per kilowatt in a hydroelectric installation
decreases with lesser number of units. However, to meet large
variation of loads and ensure operation efficiency multi unit plants
have to be provided. In fact, during lower discharges in the river, 1
or 2 units are taken out for maintenance and repair.
Other equipment such as cranes, oil handling system,
compressed air system, etc. of smaller size are required in multi
unit installation. On the other hand, single unit installation have
lower operating and maintenance cost, but the cost of service
equipment as well as lesser energy generation due to break downs
have to be borne. As such a careful system study has to be
conducted before deciding the size and the number of the units.
LAYOUT OF SOME OF THE
IMPORTANT
HYDROELECTRIC
PROJECTS OF NHPC
BAIRA SIUL H.E. PROJECT
LOKTAK H.E. PROJECT
SALAL H.E.
PROJECT
TANAKPUR H.E. PROJECT
CHAMERA H.E. PROJECT
URI H.E. PROJECT
RANGIT H.E. PROJECT
DULHASTI H.E. PROJECT
DHAULIGANGA H.E. PROJECT
TEESTA H.E. PROJECT STAGE-V
LOKTAK D/S H.E. PROJECT
PARBATI H.E. PROJECT STAGE-II
SOME
PHOTOGRAPHS/PICTURESOF
THE IMPORTANT
HYDROELECTRIC
STRUCTURES/COMPONENTS
RIVER DIVERSION-TEHRI
EARTHEN
EARTHEN DAM
DAM WITH
WITH CONCRETE
CONCRETE
SPILLWAY
SPILLWAY&
& POWER
POWER HOUSE
HOUSE
CONCRETE
CONCRETEARCH
ARCH DAM
DAM
ROCKFILL
ROCKFILLDAMS
DAMS
BARRAGE URI HE PROJECT
SHIMEN DOUBLE CURVATURE ARCH DAM
CHINA
SHIZITAN ROCKFILL DAM
CHINA
UNDERGROUND POWERHOUSE
TEHRI HEP
EARTHEN DAM WITH CONCRETE
SPILLWAY & POWER HOUSE
CONCRETE ARCH DAM
IDUKKI ARCH DAM
CFRD UNDER CONSTRUCTION
DHAULIGANGA H.E. PROJECT
KENGKOU RCC DAM-CHINA
MOZITAN BUTRESS DAM CHINA
SANGTAO EARTH DAM CHINA
SPILLWAY RADIAL GATES
TEHRI H.E PROJECT
PI-SHI_HANG AQUEDUCT
FISH LADDER-URI BARRAGE
POWER INTAKE
SUBANSIRI LOWER H.E.PROJECT
HYDRAULIC BOOM
GRAPPLE/GRIPPER ARRANGEMENT
(MIN 1 TON CAPACITY AND RADIUS 10 M)
EL 220.00
LADDER
AIR VENT PIPE 300 DIA
(SUPPLY BY HM CONTRACTOR)
RANDOM BACKFILL
TOP EL 210.00
MWL 208.25
FRL 205.00
1000TH. SLAB BETWEEN
PIER/ABUTMENT
TRASH RACK
RCC BEAMS
EL 169.50
EL 160.00
EL 157.25
INTAKE STRUCTURE
TEHRI HEP
DESILTING BASIN-URI HEP
SURPLUS SLUICES-METTUR DAM
HEAD RACE TUNNEL
NATHPA JHAKRI H.EPROJECT
TUNNEL INSIDE AT BIFURCATION
ROCK BOLTING
SHOTCRETING
SEEPAGE INSIDE TUNNEL
DRILLING JUMBO
TUNNEL BORING MACHINE
PENSTOCKS
LOKTAK HEP-MANIPUR
POWERHOUSE L-SECTION
POWER HOUSE TURBO GENERATORSMETTUR DAM
POWERHOUSE MACHINE HALL-URI HE
PROJECT
POWERHOUSE MACHINE HALL
KENGKOU HEP
SPIRAL CASING UG POWERHOUSE
TEHRI HEP
SPIRAL CASING
POWER HOUSE ROTOR INSTALLATION
BAISHAM HEP - CHINA
POWER HOUSE STATOR INSTALLATION
BAISHAM HEP - CHINA
CANAL HEAD POWER HOUSE SARDAR
SAROVAR HEP
TURBO GENERATORS
INSTALLATION - UG POWERHOUSE
TEHRI HEP
TAILRACE OUTLET PORTAL
URI H.E.PROJECT
THANK
YOU
