PATTERN
RECOGNITION
1
Talal A. Alsubaie
SFDA
OUTLINES
What is a pattern?
What is A pattern Class?
What is pattern recognition?
Human Perception
Examples of applications
The Statistical Way
Human and Machine Perception
Pattern Recognition
Pattern Recognition Process
Case Study
WHAT IS A PATTERN?
A pattern is an abstract object, or a set of
measurements describing a physical object.
WHAT IS A PATTERN CLASS?
A pattern class (or category) is a set of
patterns sharing common attributes.
A collection of similar (not necessarily
identical) objects.
During recognition given objects are assigned
to prescribed classes.
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WHAT IS PATTERN RECOGNITION?
Theory, Algorithms, Systems to put Patterns
into Categories
Relate Perceived Pattern to Previously
Perceived Patterns
Learn to distinguish patterns of interest from
their background
HUMAN PERCEPTION
Humans have developed highly sophisticated
skills for sensing their environment and taking
actions according to what they observe, e.g.,
Recognizing a face.
Understanding spoken words.
Reading handwriting.
Distinguishing fresh food from its smell.
We would like to give similar capabilities to
machines.
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EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS
THE
STATISTICAL
WAY
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GRID BY GRID COMPARISON
A A B
Grid by Grid
Comparison
GRID BY GRID COMPARISON
A A B
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No of
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GRID BY GRID COMPARISON
A A B
Grid by Grid
Comparison
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GRID BY GRID COMPARISON
A A B
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*/-+1@#
PROBLEM WITH GRID BY GRID
COMPARISON
Time to recognize a pattern - Proportional to
the number of stored patterns ( Too costly with
the increase of number of patterns stored )
A-Z
a-z
Solution
Artificial
Intelligence
0-9
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HUMAN AND MACHINE PERCEPTION
We are often influenced by the knowledge of how
patterns are modeled and recognized in nature when we
develop pattern recognition algorithms.
Research on machine perception also helps us gain
deeper understanding and appreciation for pattern
recognition systems in nature.
Yet, we also apply many techniques that are purely
numerical and do not have any correspondence in
natural systems.
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PATTERN RECOGNITION
Two Phase : Learning and Detection.
Time to learn is higher.
Driving
a car
Difficult to learn but once learnt it becomes
natural.
Can use AI learning methodologies such as:
Neural
Network.
Machine Learning.
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LEARNING
How can machine learn the rule from data?
Supervised learning: a teacher provides a category label or
cost for each pattern in the training set.
Unsupervised learning: the system forms clusters or natural
groupings of the input patterns.
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CLASSIFICATION VS. CLUSTERING
Classification (known categories)
Clustering (creation of new categories)
Category A
Category B
Classification
(Supervised Classification)
Clustering
(Unsupervised Classification) 17
PATTERN RECOGNITION PROCESS
(CONT.)
Decision
Post- processing
Classification
Feature Extraction
Segmentation
Sensing
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input
PATTERN RECOGNITION PROCESS
Data acquisition and sensing:
Measurements of physical variables.
Important issues: bandwidth, resolution , etc.
Pre-processing:
Removal of noise in data.
Isolation of patterns of interest from the background.
Feature extraction:
Finding a new representation in terms of features.
Classification
Using features and learned models to assign a pattern
to a category.
Post-processing
Evaluation of confidence in decisions.
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CASE STUDY
Fish Classification:
Sea
Bass / Salmon.
Salmon
Problem: Sorting incoming fish
on a conveyor belt according to
species.
Assume that we have only two kinds of fish:
Sea bass.
Salmon.
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Sea-bass
CASE STUDY (CONT.)
What can cause problems during sensing?
Lighting
conditions.
Position of fish on the conveyor belt.
Camera noise.
etc
What are the steps in the process?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Capture image.
Isolate fish
Take measurements
Make decision
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CASE STUDY (CONT.)
Pre-processing
Feature Extraction
Classification
Sea Bass
Salmon
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CASE STUDY (CONT.)
Pre-Processing:
Image enhancement
Separating touching or occluding fish.
Finding the boundary of the fish.
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HOW TO SEPARATE
SEA BASS FROM SALMON?
Possible features to be used:
Length
Lightness
Width
Number and shape of fins
Position of the mouth
Etc
Assume a fisherman told us that a sea bass is
generally longer than a salmon.
Even though sea bass is longer than salmon on the
average, there are many examples of fish where this
observation does not hold.
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HOW TO SEPARATE
SEA BASS FROM SALMON?
To improve recognition, we might have to use
more than one feature at a time.
Single features might not yield the best performance.
Combinations of features might yield better performance.
x1
x
2
x1 : lightness
x2 : width
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FEATURE SELECTION
Good features
Bad features
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DECISION BOUNDARY
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DECISION BOUNDARY (CONT.)
More complex model result more complex boundary
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DECISION BOUNDARY (CONT.)
Different criteria lead to different decision boundaries
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DECISION BOUNDARY (CONT.)
What if a customers find Sea bass in there
Salmon can?
We should also consider costs of different
errors we make in our decisions.
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DECISION BOUNDARY (CONT.)
For example, if the fish packing company
knows that:
Customers
who buy salmon will object vigorously
if they see sea bass in their cans.
Customers who buy sea bass will not be unhappy
if they occasionally see some expensive salmon in
their cans.
How does this knowledge affect our decision?
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CASE STUDY (CONT.)
Issues
with feature extraction:
Correlated
features do not necessary improve
performance.
It might be difficult to extract certain features.
It might be computationally expensive to extract
many features.
Missing Features.
Domain Knowledge.
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THE DESIGN CYCLE
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DEMO
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DEMO
Online face detector demo:
http://demo.pittpatt.com/index.php
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DEMO (CONT.)
With my friend Albert Einstein
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VIDEO DEMO
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Q&A
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40
THAN
K
YOU
