Lecture 4: Process
Scheduling
Lecture 4: Process
Scheduling
Basic Concepts
Scheduling Criteria
Scheduling Algorithms
Thread Scheduling
Multiple-Processor Scheduling
Objectives
To introduce process scheduling, which is
the basis for multiprogrammed operating
systems
To describe various process scheduling
algorithms
Basic Concepts
Maximum CPU utilization obtained with
multiprogramming
CPUI/O Burst Cycle Process execution
consists of a cycle of CPU execution and I/O
wait
CPU burst distribution
Alternating Sequence of CPU And I/O
Bursts
CPU Scheduler
Selects from among the processes in memory
that are ready to execute, and allocates the
CPU to one of them
CPU scheduling decisions may take place
when a process:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Switches from running to waiting state
Switches from running to ready state
Switches from waiting to ready
Terminates
Scheduling under 1 and 4 is nonpreemptive
All other scheduling is preemptive
Dispatcher
Dispatcher module gives control of the CPU
to the process selected by the short-term
scheduler; this involves:
switching context
switching to user mode
jumping to the proper location in the user
program to restart that program
Dispatch latency time it takes for the
dispatcher to stop one process and start
another running
Scheduling Criteria
CPU utilization keep the CPU as busy as
possible
Throughput # of processes that complete
their execution per time unit
Turnaround time amount of time to execute a
particular process
Waiting time amount of time a process has
been waiting in the ready queue
Response time amount of time it takes from
when a request was submitted until the first
response is produced, not output (for timesharing environment)
Scheduling Algorithm Optimization
Criteria
Max CPU utilization
Max throughput
Min turnaround time
Min waiting time
Min response time
First-Come, First-Served (FCFS)
Scheduling
Process
Burst Time
P1
24
P2
3
P3
3
Suppose that the processes arrive in the order: P1 ,
P2 , P 3
The Gantt Chart for the schedule is:
P1
0
P2
24
P3
27
30
Waiting time for P1 = 0; P2 = 24; P3 = 27
Average waiting time: (0 + 24 + 27)/3 = 17
FCFS Scheduling (Cont)
Suppose that the processes arrive in the order
P2 , P 3 , P 1
The Gantt chart for the schedule is:
P2
0
P3
3
P1
6
30
Waiting time for P1 = 6; P2 = 0; P3 = 3
Average waiting time: (6 + 0 + 3)/3 = 3
Much better than previous case
Convoy effect short process behind long process
Shortest-Job-First (SJF)
Scheduling
Associate with each process the length of
its next CPU burst. Use these lengths to
schedule the process with the shortest time
SJF is optimal gives minimum average
waiting time for a given set of processes
The difficulty is knowing the length of the
next CPU request
Example of SJF
ProcessBurst Time
P1
6
P2
8
P3
7
P4
3
SJF scheduling chart
P1
P4
0
P3
9
P2
16
24
Average waiting time = (3 + 16 + 9 + 0) / 4 = 7
Priority Scheduling
A priority number (integer) is associated with
each process
The CPU is allocated to the process with the
highest priority (smallest integer highest
priority)
Preemptive
Non preemptive
SJF is a priority scheduling where priority is the
predicted next CPU burst time
Problem Starvation low priority processes
may never execute
Solution Aging as time progresses increase
the priority of the process
Round Robin (RR)
Each process gets a small unit of CPU time (time
quantum), usually 10-100 milliseconds. After
this time has elapsed, the process is preempted
and added to the end of the ready queue.
If there are n processes in the ready queue and
the time quantum is q, then each process gets
1/n of the CPU time in chunks of at most q time
units at once. No process waits more than (n1)q time units.
Performance
q large FIFO
q small q must be large with respect to context
switch, otherwise overhead is too high
Example of RR with Time
Quantum = 4
ProcessBurst Time
P1
24
P2
3
P3
3
The Gantt chart is:
P1
0
P2
4
P3
7
P1
10
P1
14
P1
18 22
P1
26
P1
30
Typically, higher average turnaround than SJF,
but better response
Time Quantum and Context Switch
Time
Turnaround Time Varies With The
Time Quantum
Multilevel Queue
Ready queue is partitioned into separate queues:
foreground (interactive)
background (batch)
Each queue has its own scheduling algorithm
foreground RR
background FCFS
Scheduling must be done between the queues
Fixed priority scheduling; (i.e., serve all from
foreground then from background). Possibility of
starvation.
Time slice each queue gets a certain amount of CPU
time which it can schedule amongst its processes;
i.e., 80% to foreground in RR
20% to background in FCFS
Multilevel Queue Scheduling
Multilevel Feedback Queue
A process can move between the various
queues; aging can be implemented this way
Multilevel-feedback-queue scheduler defined by
the following parameters:
number of queues
scheduling algorithms for each queue
method used to determine when to upgrade a
process
method used to determine when to demote a
process
method used to determine which queue a process
will enter when that process needs service
Example of Multilevel Feedback
Queue
Three queues:
Q0 RR with time quantum 8 milliseconds
Q1 RR time quantum 16 milliseconds
Q2 FCFS
Scheduling
A new job enters queue Q0 which is served FCFS.
When it gains CPU, job receives 8 milliseconds. If
it does not finish in 8 milliseconds, job is moved to
queue Q1.
At Q1 job is again served FCFS and receives 16
additional milliseconds. If it still does not
complete, it is preempted and moved to queue Q2.
Multilevel Feedback Queues
Thread Scheduling
Distinction between user-level and kernel-level
threads
Many-to-one and many-to-many models, thread
library schedules user-level threads to run on LWP
Known as process-contention scope (PCS) since
scheduling competition is within the process
Kernel thread scheduled onto available CPU is
system-contention scope (SCS) competition
among all threads in system
Multiple-Processor
Scheduling
CPU scheduling more complex when multiple CPUs are
available
Homogeneous processors within a multiprocessor
Asymmetric multiprocessing only one processor
accesses the system data structures, alleviating the
need for data sharing
Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) each processor
is self-scheduling, all processes in common ready queue,
or each has its own private queue of ready processes
Processor affinity process has affinity for processor
on which it is currently running
soft affinity
hard affinity
Multicore Processors
Recent trend to place multiple processor
cores on same physical chip
Faster and consume less power
Multiple threads per core also growing
Takes advantage of memory stall to make
progress on another thread while memory
retrieve happens
Multithreaded Multicore
System
End of Lecture 4
Slides adopted from the book:
Abraham Silberschatz, Peter Baer Galvin,
Greg Gagne, Operating System Concepts,
8/E, John Wiley & Sons, 2010. (ISBN: 978-0470-23399-3)
