3
PERCEIVING THE
SELF AND OTHERS
2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
[Coming Up
How We Perceive Others
How We Explain Our Perceptions
How We Perceive Ourselves
Managing Our Image
]
3-2
[How We Perceive Others
Perception has three stages
Selection: what we choose to pay attention to
Organization: how we classify the stimulus
Physical constructs
Role constructs
Interaction constructs
Psychological constructs
Interpretation: what meaning we assign to the
stimulus
3-3
[How We Perceive Others
Although perception
has stages, the
perception process is
not linear
Selection, organization,
and interpretation all
overlap each stage
can affect the others
3-4
[How We Perceive Others
Perception has
several influences
Cultures and cocultures
Stereotypes
Primacy and
recency effects
Perceptual sets
]
3-5
[How We Explain Our Perceptions
Attributions are the explanations we give
for our own and others behaviors
Attributions vary by:
Locus
Stability
Controllability
3-6
[How We Explain Our Perceptions
The self-serving bias influences the accuracy of
our attributions
Our successes are earned and deserved
Our failures are not our fault
The fundamental attribution error influences the
accuracy of our attributions
Other peoples behaviors are due to internal, stable
causes
3-7
[How We Perceive Ourselves
Who are you?
Your self-concept
reflects your stable
ideas about who
you are
Your self-concept
is your identity
3-8
[How We Perceive Ourselves
Self-concepts are multifaceted
Johari Window
Open area
Hidden area
Blind area
Unknown area
]
3-9
[How We Perceive Ourselves
Self-concepts are partly subjective
Objective aspects are based on facts, such as
your height, hair color, age, and occupation
Subjective aspects are based on opinions or
evaluations, such as your honesty, sense of
humor, intelligence, and talent
3-10
[How We Perceive Ourselves
We manage our self-concepts through selfmonitoring
Awareness of how we look, sound, and affect others
Low SelfMonitor
High SelfMonitor
3-11
[How We Perceive Ourselves
Self-fulfilling prophecies can reinforce our selfconcept
We have expectations based on how we perceive
ourselves and others
Our expectations prompt us to act in specific ways
Those actions bring about the outcomes we
expected
Our self-concepts are therefore reinforced
3-12
[How We Perceive Ourselves
Your self-esteem is your
subjective evaluation of your
value and worth as a person
High self-esteem helps us
communicate and build
relationships
High self-esteem may also
promote aggression and
sexual risk-taking
3-13
[Managing Our Image
Image management means adjusting our
behavior to project a desired image
Image management is collaborative
We manage multiple identities
We manage multiple identities online
Image management is complex
3-14
[Managing Our Image
Goffman: our
desired public
image is our face
The behavior we
use to project that
image to others is
our facework
]
3-15
[Managing Our Image
We manage three
face needs
Fellowship face
Autonomy face
Competence face
3-16
[Managing Our Image
Face-threatening acts are behaviors that
threaten our face needs
Face threats are common in many socially
marginalized groups
3-17
[For Review
How do we form perceptions of others?
What influences our perceptions?
How do we manage our image?
3-18
